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Published with grants from Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences ABSTRACT Herschend, F., 1998. The Idea of the Good in Late Iron Age Society. Occasional Papers in Archaeology 15. Uppsala. ### pp. ##. Figs Monograph. The study is a discussion of the Pagan concept of the good with reference to the upper-classes of the Late Iron Age societies in Scandinavia, Northwest Europe and Anglo-Saxon England. It is based on a sample of halls belonging to the first millennium AD and on the analysis of a number of texts. Among these the following are poems: The poem about the Battle of Maldon, the <strong>Beowulf</strong>, two poems by Venantius Fortunatus to Sigibert and Brunhild and four by the same author to Duke Lupus. The following prose texts are used: The Martyrdom of Saint Sabas, Danish and Swedish rune-stone texts mentioning the word ‘good’, and the account in Landnámabók mentioning Queen Aud. The discussion is summed up in a chapter concerning the characteristics of the good and in a chapter discussing the forms of talk which takes place in the Late Iron Age hall in its most elaborate, i.e., royal form. Keywords: ‘The good’; halls; Early medieval texts; Pagan ideology. Frands Herschend, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Sankt Eriks Torg 5, S-753 10 Uppsala, Sweden. ISSN 1100-6358 ISBN 91-506-1276-x Cover design: Alicja Grenberger & Anders Alm Series Editor: Bo Gräslund Editor: Christina Bendegard Distributed by the Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Sankt Eriks Torg 5, S-753 10 Uppsala, Sweden. Printed in Sweden by Repro HSC, Uppsala 1998 4
CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ 7 I Introduction ................................................................................ 9 The Material ......................................................................... 12 The Hall................................................................................ 14 The Origin ............................................................................ 16 The Farm Owner’s Seat ........................................................ 25 The Family in the Hall.............................................. .......... 31 The Interface Between the Farm Owner and his Guests ..... 32 The Retinue and the Smashed Hall ..................................... 35 The Architecture ............................................................... 37 Hall and Settlement Structure ............................................ 43 Hall and Cosmology... ....................................................... 49 Conclusion ........................................................................ 51 The Choice of Texts .............................................................. 51 Earlier Research .................................................................... 54 Conclusion ............................................................................ 46 II Usage and Non-Usage .............................................................. 63 The Good Composition ......................................................... 63 The Use of Good in Maldon ................................................. 73 The First and Second Parts of <strong>Beowulf</strong> ................................. 77 Six Narratives About the Good ............................................. 81 When the Good People Meet ............................................ 81 The Two Contract-Combat Episodes ................................ 82 The Two Appeasement Scenes .......................................... 85 The Frame Story ............................................................... 88 The Two Anglo-Saxon Poems ............................................... 91 Venantius Fortunatus ......................................................... 91 The Poems to Sigibert and Brunhild ................................... 94 The Lupus Poems (Appendix II) .......................................... 101 5
Page 1: Occasional Papers in Archaeology 15
Page 6 and 7: 6 The Two Panegyrics ..............
Page 9 and 10: I. Introduction This study seeks an
Page 11 and 12: (Herschend 1993). It has also becom
Page 13 and 14: democratic congregation had been es
Page 15 and 16: ample of a need for large storage f
Page 17 and 18: mately the sense applied to the oth
Page 19 and 20: is found at Borg in Lofoten and dat
Page 21 and 22: Figures 3a and b. (a) The hall at W
Page 23 and 24: (b) An early phase of a farm at Cow
Page 25 and 26: The Farm Owner’s Seat The positio
Page 27 and 28: place. Living quarters are limited
Page 29 and 30: Figure 9. A proposed schematic deve
Page 31 and 32: When eventually hall and power, kin
Page 33 and 34: Figures 12a and b. A comparison bet
Page 35 and 36: kitchen. The tempo in Northern Norw
Page 37 and 38: have their obvious counterparts in
Page 39 and 40: they, contrary to most of the guest
Page 42 and 43: accessible, elevated and at the sam
Page 44 and 45: Figures 17a-c. Three sections of ro
Page 46 and 47: this farm, however, the village was
Page 48 and 49: Figure 19. The Oelandic Iron Age vi
Page 50 and 51: 50 Figures 21a and b. (a), Early Me
Page 52 and 53: question. This is certainly a matte
Page 54 and 55:
the sources used, houses as well as
Page 56 and 57:
Although we may accept the argument
Page 58 and 59:
The change in the meaning of the wo
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60 UlfR ok þeR Ragnarr restu sten
Page 62:
Earlier discussions of the Old Engl
Page 65 and 66:
Figure 22. The structure of Wealhth
Page 67 and 68:
than pious disposition, ought to do
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Figure 25. Two partly overlapping e
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good father, good son or good broth
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72 In reality it gives a significan
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and immediately afterwards he is cu
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current, throughout the poem as wel
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2209 hé gehéold tela fiftig wintr
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 30. The use of the word good
Page 83 and 84:
to introduce Beowulf and to describ
Page 85 and 86:
mate success, but there is no sharp
Page 87 and 88:
Wealhtheow, whose name means ‘cel
Page 89 and 90:
In verse 1810 the sword Hrunting is
Page 91 and 92:
you and perhaps take a liking to yo
Page 93 and 94:
it must be discussed how a Late Cla
Page 95 and 96:
45 Post tenebras noctis stellarum l
Page 97 and 98:
Sigibert burn to marry the maid. Th
Page 99 and 100:
why is the description of Brunhild
Page 101 and 102:
Skírne-motif and hints at the para
Page 103 and 104:
fourth belongs to a period after Si
Page 105 and 106:
The second poem seems ultimately to
Page 107 and 108:
106 You have adopted the custom of
Page 109 and 110:
Distant or stand-offish Germanic ki
Page 111 and 112:
110 So am I, exhausted by the might
Page 113 and 114:
the first poem to express the unite
Page 115 and 116:
How fast does Fame fly, rising on f
Page 117 and 118:
order to survive and develop, but a
Page 119 and 120:
Their peaceful role in general and
Page 121 and 122:
eciprocal connection between a pair
Page 123 and 124:
esult of a philosophical developmen
Page 125 and 126:
connections is marked and dispropor
Page 127 and 128:
and humans and animals on each side
Page 129 and 130:
competition on the farm was smooth
Page 131 and 132:
The established aristocracy is alwa
Page 133 and 134:
166
Page 135 and 136:
peasants, namely the marriage betwe
Page 137 and 138:
have been their obvious right to ex
Page 139 and 140:
not free to pass through the lower
Page 141 and 142:
174 Then Ælfwine said, he talked b
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was a child. Today we would not cou
Page 145 and 146:
Beowulf in the first part of the po
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180
Page 149 and 150:
Andersson, K., 1993. Romersk guldsm
Page 151 and 152:
Fabech, C., 1998. Slöinge i perspe
Page 153 and 154:
⎯ 1993. The origin of the hall in
Page 155 and 156:
Knudsen, S. Aa. & Hertz, E., 1994.
Page 157 and 158:
Nielsen, K. M., 1945. Var thegnerne
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⎯ 1993. Vikingetidens volde og bo
Page 161 and 162:
Williams, T. A., M. Shaw & V. Debha
Page 163 and 164:
212
Page 165 and 166:
214
Page 167 and 168:
216
Page 169 and 170:
3 Dejbjerg. The hall from Dejbjerg
Page 171 and 172:
on a central farm among other large
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186 Appendix II An English version
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188 To him who strengthless fled th
Page 177 and 178:
190 When I, as a stranger, saw Germ
Page 179 and 180:
Notes 1 The translation follows the
Page 181 and 182:
always fasting, incessantly praying
Page 183 and 184:
7. When Atharidos got to know this
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