The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

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(d) (a) pa A Dasyuromorphia B C pr D E me Microbiotheria There are several diagnostic characters of the marsupial skull, including the foramen of the lacrimal lying external to the orbit, an alisphenoid component to the auditory bulla, a pair of palatal fenestrae, and an inflected angular process of the dentary. Unique characters of the postcranial skeleton are few but include the presence of a prepubic bone, and details of the structure of the ankle joint. Characters of the soft tissues, which may well be primitive for tribosphenidan mammals, include the relatively small size of the brain, and the structure of the urinogenital tract in which the uterus and vagina are paired. Living marsupials and their interrelationships c.cr pr.d hy.d pa.d me.d en.d Peramelemorphia The several detailed classifications of marsupials of recent years agree with one another as far as the hyl.d (b) Notoryctemorphia LIVING AND FOSSIL MARSUPIALS 191 Didelphimorphia (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) Diprotodontia (koala) Diprotodontia (kangaroo) recognition of seven major taxa of living marsupials is concerned (Aplin and Archer 1987; Marshall et al. 1990; Szalay 1994; McKenna and Bell 1997), although there is little agreement about their interrelationships to one another. The seven groups are usually designated as orders. Three are American and four Australian, differing in numerous characters, including molar tooth form (Fig. 6.1(b)–(i)). Didelphimorphia There are 16 genera containing about 65 living species in the single family of American opossums, Didelphidae, living mostly in South America, but with several species ranging into Central America and Mexico. Didelphis virginiana has extended its range throughout most of the USA to Canada, as a result of its association with human habitation. Size varies from a head plus body length of 7 cm, and weight of 10 g up to the 50 cm length and 5 kg of the (c) Paucituberculata Figure 6.1 Molar teeth of modern marsupials. (a) The primitive marsupial form of upper and lower molars in occlusal view (Reig et al. 1987). (b) Didelphimorphia (Monodelphis). (c) Paucituberculata (Caenolestes) (d) Dasyuromorphia (Sminthopsis). (e) Microbiotheria (Dromiciops). (f) Peramelemorphia (Perameles). (g) Notoryctemorphia (Notoryctes). (h) Diprotodontia (Phascolarctos). (i) Diprotodontia (Simosthenurus). c.cr, centrocrista; en.d, entoconid; hy.d, hypoconid; hyl.d, hypoconulid; m, metacone; me.d, metaconid; pa, paracone; pa.d, paraconid; pr, protocone; pr.d, protoconid.
192 THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAMMALS largest specimens of Virginia opossum. They are a structurally conservative group with many primitive characters, and few morphological features are clear synapomorphies defining the group. The primitive marsupial dentition is retained, and the incisors are unmodified. The most distinctive character of the upper molar teeth is their dilambdodont condition, in which the crest connecting the metacone to the paracone tends to be W-shaped (Fig. 6.1(b)). Whether this is a primitive, or a convergently derived character shared with other marsupial groups is discussed later. The didelphimorph ankle joint has certain minor distinctive features described by Szalay (1994). The majority of didelphids are arboreal, with an opposable first digit and often a prehensile tail. The diet is omnivorous and very adaptable, to which feature Szalay (1994) attributed the lack of dental specialisation. Among the more specialised members, the yapok Chironectes, and Lutreolina are the only marsupials that are even semi-aquatic. They have webbed feet and a sealable pouch. The caluromyine woolly opossums are specialised fruit and nectar eaters, hanging by their prehensile tails in the branches of the high forest canopy. Paucituberculata The Caenolestidae or shrew-opossums are the sole living family of this South American order. There are only three genera, comprising five species, and they live primarily in the Andes. All are small, with body weights ranging from 15–40 g, and they possess an elongated snout for the mainly insectivorous diet. The fur is particularly thick to provide the insulation necessary for their high-altitude habitat. The caenolestid dentition (Figs 6.1(c) and 6.7(c)) is modified by reduction of the number of lower incisors and greatly increasing the length and procumbency of the first pair, a condition described as diprotodont. They use them to pierce their prey. The upper molars are also very distinctive, having evolved a roughly square shape in crown view. Microbiotheria Dromiciops gliroides (Fig. 6.10(a)), the monito del monte, is the sole living species of this order. It is a small, mouse-like form, weighing up to 30 g and confined to the cool, humid forests of Chile and Argentina. Its diet is primarily insects. The single most characteristic feature of this group is the complex structure of the tympanic bulla, housing the middle ear structures. It is a composite structure involving the alisphenoid and the petrosal bones, which completely encloses the ectotympanic. There are also characteristic features of the molar teeth, notably a reduction of the stylar shelf of the uppers, and elongation of the talonid of the lowers (Fig. 6.1(e)). Dasyuromorphia These are the Australian carnivores, and consist of 19 genera containing 73 species. Amongst their diagnostic characters there is a reduction of the incisor teeth to four uppers and three lowers, and possession of lower molars in which the talonid has been reduced in size relative to the trigonid (Fig. 6.1(d)). The braincase and the ankle joint also have distinctive osteological features. The great majority of dasyuromorphs are members of the family Dasyuridae, the quolls, Tasmanian devil, antechinuses, dunnarts, and marsupial mice. They occupy a wide range of habitats, from rain forest through woodland and savannah to very arid regions. All are basically carnivores or insectivores, although the Tasmanian devil has large teeth and a short powerful jaw which it uses for dealing with carrion as well. Two other families, both monospecific, complete the major living subgroups of Dasyuromorphia. The termite-eating numbat, Myrmecobius fasciatus has a somewhat elongated snout and long tongue for collecting the termites that it digs up with its strong front claws. The Tasmanian tiger or wolf, Thylacinus cynocephalus, can be counted as the largest recent dasyuromorph species, although there have been no confirmed reports of a living specimen since 1936 when one died in Hobart Zoo. There have nevertheless been many unconfirmed claims of sightings of living thylacines or their dung (Paddle 2000). Notoryctemorphia Two species of the genus Notoryctes constitute the living marsupial moles. They occur in the sandy central deserts of Australia, consuming insects, notably burrowing beetle larvae, and small lizards. The body is profoundly adapted for a fossorial existence. The forelimbs are very short and powerful,
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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Preface This book arose from twin a
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For Mal /gosia with love and thanks
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Contents 1 Introduction The definit
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction There are ab
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transversely occluding molar teeth
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the Mesozoic mammals, is to do with
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a hierarchy of committees under the
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it means that a 200 Ma igneous rock
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een a more fundamental impact than
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Table 2.3 Classification of marsupi
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(a) (b) (c) humerus radius aquatic
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(a) Westlothiana Limnoscelis PO Wes
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the ankle bones to form an astragal
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(b) (c) (a) Casea rutena Casea broi
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(Fig. 3.2(f)), is actually an ophia
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the first one is enlarged, often to
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Even at their initial appearance in
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(a) Nikkasaurus (b) (d) Reiszia (e)
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Nikkasauridae The family Nikkasauri
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has figured large in discussions of
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(c) Figure 3.9 (continued). Syodon
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a mixture of progressively more spe
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animal with interdigitating, but no
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(e) (a) Anomocephalus Ulemica (b) S
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mandibulae musculature. This, as in
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To date the postcranial skeleton of
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ecognised four subgroups, based mai
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the presence of a deep, longitudina
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collected from the Lystrosaurus Ass
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(a) (d) (c) (b) Leontocephalus V PA
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(a) (c) Lycosuchus Oliveria (d) EVO
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separate families. Lycosuchidae (Fi
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consist of a large labial cusp and
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Procynosuchus (d) Procynosuchus (a)
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They constitute the monophyletic gr
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Although there is no mammal-like co
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Cynognathidae Cynognathus (Fig. 3.2
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(e) (f) Figure 3.22 (continued). Ma
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(c) (d) (a) (b) Kayentatherium EVOL
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Pachygenelus (e) (a) (c) Therioherp
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palatal, and orbitosphenoid bones,
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Wible and Hopson 1993). The interor
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published a cladogram based on rece
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310-320 Ma. By this time, the great
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are forms such as Casea itself, var
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lakes and swamps in the low-lying l
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urrowing and subsisting on a diet o
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Eothyris Haptodus sphenacodontine B
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z (a) (c) a.pt.m. M B PO P P SQ P M
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(b) a.pt.m. temp.m. a.pt.m. temp.m.
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the dentary bone above the level of
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the therocephalian grade was not on
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A balance was also achieved in the
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Locomotion Ancestral amniote grade
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screw-shaped: the front part faces
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For the recovery phase, the relativ
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SC PRC p.i.f.i tr.min (c) dp.cr ect
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the therocephalian pelvis and hindl
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spc s.sp s.sp SC PRC (d) delt T AST
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no significant novelties to what ha
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(a) (c) (e) (g) D D ex. au.m C tym
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(a) (c) (d) PMX (f) V n.turb mx.tur
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ol.b (a) (b) cer.hem gorgonopsian t
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(a) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) a g
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cold stress, the part that usually
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conducted the experiment of wrappin
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mammals themselves that the enlarge
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elevation of maximum aerobic activi
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a mammal. The difficulty with all s
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collection, ingestion, and assimila
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were edaphosaurid and caseid pelyco
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CHAPTER 5 The Mesozoic mammals The
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(a) (d) AL condylar foramina are se
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Page 154 and 155: postcranial skeleton, and Graybeal
Page 156 and 157: side of the head can be in action a
Page 158 and 159: the lower molars is relatively high
Page 160 and 161: morganucodontan teeth. However, des
Page 162 and 163: adjacent lower molars. A small exte
Page 164 and 165: (a) (b) (d) P4 P4 Plagiaulax P4 Pau
Page 166 and 167: American Morrison Formation genus C
Page 168 and 169: a self-sharpening property. As the
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Page 172 and 173: pass through the birth canal. Relat
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Page 176 and 177: (a) (c) Henkelotherium Crusafontia
Page 178 and 179: pubis is excluded from the acetabul
Page 180 and 181: Cretaceous, (Aptian or Albian) of M
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Page 184 and 185: subsequent specimens revealed that
Page 186 and 187: Minimal divergence of tribosphenida
Page 188 and 189: (c) (a) M 1 M 1 M 2 Steropodon M 2
Page 190 and 191: (b) (a) (c) pa.d pr.d me.d Ambondro
Page 192 and 193: crown-group therians) is accepted b
Page 194 and 195: form of the tooth, must reflect sub
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Page 210 and 211: elieved to be Late Cretaceous in ag
Page 212 and 213: (Fig. 6.5(c)). The dentition exhibi
Page 214 and 215: (d) Figure 6.6 (continued). Thylaco
Page 216 and 217: (a) (c) Caroloameghina and Procarol
Page 218 and 219: (a) (e) (d) Proargyrolagus Groeberi
Page 220 and 221: (a) (b) Djarthia Thylacotinga (c) (
Page 222 and 223: LIVING AND FOSSIL MARSUPIALS 211 M
Page 224 and 225: Extinct Notoryctemorphia At present
Page 226 and 227: (f) (g) Wakaleo Diprotodon optatum
Page 228 and 229: fossil mammals, which might help cl
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Page 236 and 237: effectively absent. However, increa
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(a) (b) (d) Trogosus (tillodont) Es
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Mioclaenus Paulacoutoia (didolodont
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their presence. The five orders may
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Xenungulata. Only two Late Palaeoce
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(a) (b) (d) (c) Oxyaena Patriofelis
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continuously growing, and form a gr
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navicular facet, 19 or more thoraci
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(a) (c) Phosphatherium Numidotheriu
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coexist with other characters that
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The salient feature of Widanelfasia
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1 (a) 1. Perissodactyla 2. Titanoth
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(a) (b) BUNODONTIA or SUIFORMES SUI
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time, which suggests that it was on
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condition. This particular combinat
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etween Primates, Dermoptera (colugo
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have postcranial adaptations for ar
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undoubtedly related at a supraordin
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indisputably to occur prior to the
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The Late Cretaceous mammal record i
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interordinal divergences in the Lat
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diversity on Earth (Janis 1993). Fu
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effect of the surrounding sea. Trop
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was high. It lasted from 5 to 3 Ma
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and thus remain in their preferred
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agreement about exactly when within
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References Abdala, F. Redescription
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Ax, P. 1987. The phylogenetic syste
Page 306 and 307:
Bramble, D. M. 1978. Origin of the
Page 308 and 309:
Colbert, E.H. 1948. The mammal-like
Page 310 and 311:
Duvall, D. 1986. A new question of
Page 312 and 313:
Gow, C.E. 1980. The dentitions of t
Page 314 and 315:
Ivakhnenko, M.F. 1990. The late Pal
Page 316 and 317:
Kemp, T.S. 1988a. A note on the Mes
Page 318 and 319:
cladogenesis in dasyurid marsupials
Page 320 and 321:
(eds) Evolution of Tertiary mammals
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McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997.
Page 324 and 325:
(ed) The phylogeny and classificati
Page 326 and 327:
Ray, S. 2000.Endothiodont dicynodon
Page 328 and 329:
Rubidge, B.S., Kitching, J.W., and
Page 330 and 331:
Simpson, G.G. 1970. The Argyrolagid
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Thewissen, J.G.M. 1990. Evolution o
Page 334 and 335:
Novacek, M.J., and McKenna, M.C. (e
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Index Note: Page numbers in italics
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Equoidea 262 Equus 262 Erethizon 28
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Overkill hypothesis 289, 290 Oxyaen
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Tulerpeton 14, 18 Tylopoda 264 Ukha
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

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