The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

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(a) (c) Caroloameghina and Procaroloameghina Caenolestes (b) (e) Abderites (d) LIVING AND FOSSIL MARSUPIALS 205 P 3 P3 P3 M1 Epidolops Carolopaulacoutia Figure 6.7 Paucituberculates. Caroloameghinoidea—(a) Caroloameghina tenuis dentition: upper molars 1–4 in labial and occlusal views and Procaroloameghina pricei lower P2–M5 in occlusal and lingual views (Reig et al. 1987). (b) Polydolopoidea—Epidolops dentition: upper molars in occlusal view, lower jaw in lateral and dorsal views (Goin and Candela 1996, Marshall 1980). Caenolestoidea—(c) Caenolestes obscurus skull in lateral and ventral views (Gregory 1910); (d) Carolopaulacoutia (=Sternbergia) itaboraiensis dentition: last three upper molars in labial and occlusal views and lower P 2 –M 4 in labial and occlusal views (Reig et al. 1987); (e) Abderites lower jaw, length approx. 5.5 cm, and detail of occluding upper and lower enlarged last premolar (Romer 1966; Dumont et al. 2000).
206 THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAMMALS time ago in Eocene deposits of Seymour Island (Woodburne and Zinsmeister 1982, 1984). More recently, specimens identified as Polydolops, and also Perrodelphys which is a member of another polydolopoid family Prepidolopidae, have been found (Reguero et al. 2002). The Caenolestoidea is the superfamily that contains the only living paucituberculates. Like the polydolopoids this group also developed quadritubercular upper molar teeth, but in a different way, namely by enlargement of the metaconule rather than development of a new cusp, the hypocone. A second dental character is the procumbent nature of the first or second lower incisor, accompanied by reduction of the first two premolars. With one controversial exception, caenolestoids did not appear in the fossil record until the Oligocene, much later than the other South American superfamilies. The possible but doubtful exception is the Itaboraí form Carolopaulacoutoia (�Sternbergia), as interpreted by Szalay (1994). However, it is known only from its fairly generalised dentition (Fig. 6.7(d)), which lacks the characters of caenolestoids just noted. The family Caenolestidae (Fig. 6.1(c) and 6.7(c)), the shrewopossums of the modern South American fauna, retained the basic caenolestoid dentition, but used it for a generally insectivorous habit. During the Miocene, two caenolestoid families evolved teeth adapted for a more specialised diet. The Abderitidae (Fig. 6.7(e)) possessed a pair of heavily ridged shearing teeth very similar to those of multituberculates and of several of the Australian diprotodonts such as Phalanger. In the case of the abderitids, these specialised cutting teeth are the last upper premolar and the first lower molar teeth. Judging from the nature of the wear facets, and by comparison with the similar system in Phalanger, Dumont et al. (2000) inferred that the function of the shearing system was to deal with both relatively hard food such as nuts, straw, and particularly tough insects, and also more pliant material that tends to stretch and bend rather than sever. From this they concluded that abderitids were adapted for a broader, more cosmopolitan diet than caenolestids. The Palaeotheniidae constitute the second specialised Miocene family. They also had a modified last upper premolar and first lower molar forming a specialised shearing system. However, they differ from abderitids in the details of the tooth anatomy, and in having molar teeth also specialised for a shearing function (Bown and Fleagle 1993). The final superfamily of the Paucituberculata is Argyrolagoidea, which includes two highly specialised families whose closeness of relationship is doubtful, but which do share certain characters related to a rodent-like, small herbivore diet. The argyrolagids (Fig. 6.8(a) to (c)) were superficially similar to small hopping rodents with greatly elongated hindlegs (Simpson 1970). The snout is elongated, possibly indicating a mobile proboscis, and there is a prominently procumbent pair of lower incisors which worked against two or three pairs of sharp-edged upper incisors. These are followed by a rodent-like diastema. The molar teeth are high-crowned, hypselodont, and according to Sánchez-Villagra and Kay (1997) they were adapted for particularly abrasive plant material, possibly seeds in the main. Argyrolagids have been found from the Late Oligocene through the Plio- Pleistocene (Sánchez-Villagra et al. 2000). The genus Groeberia (Fig. 6.8(e)) is an extremely peculiar little mammal from the Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Argentina, whose very marsupial status has been doubted in the past, although the palatal vacuities, inflected angular process of the dentary, and four molar teeth seem to settle the question. It shares little apart from some superficial aspects of the dentition with argyrolagids, or even with paucituberculates generally, and Pascual et al. (1994) regard it as a member of a quite separate order of presumably ameridelphian marsupials, which they term Groeberida. Groeberia was a small animal with the dentition and jaw musculature highly modified for dealing with hard food. The rostrum is extremely short and deep, and there is a bony platform, unique amongst mammals, extending posteriorly from the fused symphysis of the two lower jaws, and so providing a solid floor to the oral cavity. There are two upper incisors on either side, the first one being enormous, and described as gliriform in that the roots extend within the skull as far as the orbit. The enamel is restricted to the front edge as in rodents, giving it a self-sharpening ability. The single lower incisor is similarly constructed. Unlike the rodents, there is no diastema and the incisors are followed
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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Preface This book arose from twin a
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For Mal /gosia with love and thanks
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Contents 1 Introduction The definit
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction There are ab
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transversely occluding molar teeth
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the Mesozoic mammals, is to do with
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a hierarchy of committees under the
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it means that a 200 Ma igneous rock
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een a more fundamental impact than
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Table 2.3 Classification of marsupi
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(a) (b) (c) humerus radius aquatic
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(a) Westlothiana Limnoscelis PO Wes
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the ankle bones to form an astragal
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(b) (c) (a) Casea rutena Casea broi
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(Fig. 3.2(f)), is actually an ophia
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the first one is enlarged, often to
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Even at their initial appearance in
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(a) Nikkasaurus (b) (d) Reiszia (e)
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Nikkasauridae The family Nikkasauri
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has figured large in discussions of
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(c) Figure 3.9 (continued). Syodon
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a mixture of progressively more spe
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animal with interdigitating, but no
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(e) (a) Anomocephalus Ulemica (b) S
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mandibulae musculature. This, as in
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To date the postcranial skeleton of
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ecognised four subgroups, based mai
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the presence of a deep, longitudina
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collected from the Lystrosaurus Ass
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(a) (d) (c) (b) Leontocephalus V PA
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(a) (c) Lycosuchus Oliveria (d) EVO
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separate families. Lycosuchidae (Fi
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consist of a large labial cusp and
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Procynosuchus (d) Procynosuchus (a)
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They constitute the monophyletic gr
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Although there is no mammal-like co
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Cynognathidae Cynognathus (Fig. 3.2
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(e) (f) Figure 3.22 (continued). Ma
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(c) (d) (a) (b) Kayentatherium EVOL
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Pachygenelus (e) (a) (c) Therioherp
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palatal, and orbitosphenoid bones,
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Wible and Hopson 1993). The interor
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published a cladogram based on rece
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310-320 Ma. By this time, the great
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are forms such as Casea itself, var
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lakes and swamps in the low-lying l
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urrowing and subsisting on a diet o
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Eothyris Haptodus sphenacodontine B
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z (a) (c) a.pt.m. M B PO P P SQ P M
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(b) a.pt.m. temp.m. a.pt.m. temp.m.
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the dentary bone above the level of
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the therocephalian grade was not on
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A balance was also achieved in the
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Locomotion Ancestral amniote grade
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screw-shaped: the front part faces
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For the recovery phase, the relativ
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SC PRC p.i.f.i tr.min (c) dp.cr ect
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the therocephalian pelvis and hindl
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spc s.sp s.sp SC PRC (d) delt T AST
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no significant novelties to what ha
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(a) (c) (e) (g) D D ex. au.m C tym
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(a) (c) (d) PMX (f) V n.turb mx.tur
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ol.b (a) (b) cer.hem gorgonopsian t
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(a) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) a g
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cold stress, the part that usually
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conducted the experiment of wrappin
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mammals themselves that the enlarge
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elevation of maximum aerobic activi
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a mammal. The difficulty with all s
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collection, ingestion, and assimila
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were edaphosaurid and caseid pelyco
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CHAPTER 5 The Mesozoic mammals The
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(a) (d) AL condylar foramina are se
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evidence to relate the haramiyidans
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postcranial skeleton, and Graybeal
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side of the head can be in action a
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the lower molars is relatively high
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morganucodontan teeth. However, des
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adjacent lower molars. A small exte
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(a) (b) (d) P4 P4 Plagiaulax P4 Pau
Page 166 and 167: American Morrison Formation genus C
Page 168 and 169: a self-sharpening property. As the
Page 170 and 171: near parasagittal gait (Fig. 5.11(e
Page 172 and 173: pass through the birth canal. Relat
Page 174 and 175: (a) 1 (b) (d) me (c) me.d 3 styl st
Page 176 and 177: (a) (c) Henkelotherium Crusafontia
Page 178 and 179: pubis is excluded from the acetabul
Page 180 and 181: Cretaceous, (Aptian or Albian) of M
Page 182 and 183: eautifully preserved placentals fro
Page 184 and 185: subsequent specimens revealed that
Page 186 and 187: Minimal divergence of tribosphenida
Page 188 and 189: (c) (a) M 1 M 1 M 2 Steropodon M 2
Page 190 and 191: (b) (a) (c) pa.d pr.d me.d Ambondro
Page 192 and 193: crown-group therians) is accepted b
Page 194 and 195: form of the tooth, must reflect sub
Page 196 and 197: of feasibility that a taxon of endo
Page 198 and 199: mammals, by creating environmental
Page 200 and 201: the 11 species of marsupial, of whi
Page 202 and 203: (d) (a) pa A Dasyuromorphia B C pr
Page 204 and 205: earing two huge claws on digits thr
Page 206 and 207: that contains the independent ances
Page 208 and 209: (b) (d) (a) Glasbius Alphadon (c) D
Page 210 and 211: elieved to be Late Cretaceous in ag
Page 212 and 213: (Fig. 6.5(c)). The dentition exhibi
Page 214 and 215: (d) Figure 6.6 (continued). Thylaco
Page 218 and 219: (a) (e) (d) Proargyrolagus Groeberi
Page 220 and 221: (a) (b) Djarthia Thylacotinga (c) (
Page 222 and 223: LIVING AND FOSSIL MARSUPIALS 211 M
Page 224 and 225: Extinct Notoryctemorphia At present
Page 226 and 227: (f) (g) Wakaleo Diprotodon optatum
Page 228 and 229: fossil mammals, which might help cl
Page 230 and 231: 30 40 50 60 Figure 6.13 Southern Go
Page 232 and 233: the Diprotodontia also included gen
Page 234 and 235: 1. Placentalia 2. Edentata 3. Epith
Page 236 and 237: effectively absent. However, increa
Page 238 and 239: Asioryctes (a) (b) (d) Cimolestes p
Page 240 and 241: and Prokennalestes, although it doe
Page 242 and 243: (a) Leptictidium Palaeoryctidans we
Page 244 and 245: (a) Purgatorius (c) are part of the
Page 246 and 247: (a) (d) (e) (g) Protoungulatum Meso
Page 248 and 249: (a) (f) (e) Hyopsodus Phenacodus (d
Page 250 and 251: Titanoides (pantodont) (a) (c) (b)
Page 252 and 253: (a) (b) (d) Trogosus (tillodont) Es
Page 254 and 255: Mioclaenus Paulacoutoia (didolodont
Page 256 and 257: their presence. The five orders may
Page 258 and 259: Xenungulata. Only two Late Palaeoce
Page 260 and 261: (a) (b) (d) (c) Oxyaena Patriofelis
Page 262 and 263: continuously growing, and form a gr
Page 264 and 265: navicular facet, 19 or more thoraci
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(a) (c) Phosphatherium Numidotheriu
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coexist with other characters that
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The salient feature of Widanelfasia
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1 (a) 1. Perissodactyla 2. Titanoth
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(a) (b) BUNODONTIA or SUIFORMES SUI
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time, which suggests that it was on
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condition. This particular combinat
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etween Primates, Dermoptera (colugo
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have postcranial adaptations for ar
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undoubtedly related at a supraordin
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indisputably to occur prior to the
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The Late Cretaceous mammal record i
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interordinal divergences in the Lat
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diversity on Earth (Janis 1993). Fu
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effect of the surrounding sea. Trop
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was high. It lasted from 5 to 3 Ma
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and thus remain in their preferred
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agreement about exactly when within
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References Abdala, F. Redescription
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Ax, P. 1987. The phylogenetic syste
Page 306 and 307:
Bramble, D. M. 1978. Origin of the
Page 308 and 309:
Colbert, E.H. 1948. The mammal-like
Page 310 and 311:
Duvall, D. 1986. A new question of
Page 312 and 313:
Gow, C.E. 1980. The dentitions of t
Page 314 and 315:
Ivakhnenko, M.F. 1990. The late Pal
Page 316 and 317:
Kemp, T.S. 1988a. A note on the Mes
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cladogenesis in dasyurid marsupials
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(eds) Evolution of Tertiary mammals
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McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997.
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(ed) The phylogeny and classificati
Page 326 and 327:
Ray, S. 2000.Endothiodont dicynodon
Page 328 and 329:
Rubidge, B.S., Kitching, J.W., and
Page 330 and 331:
Simpson, G.G. 1970. The Argyrolagid
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Thewissen, J.G.M. 1990. Evolution o
Page 334 and 335:
Novacek, M.J., and McKenna, M.C. (e
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Index Note: Page numbers in italics
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Equoidea 262 Equus 262 Erethizon 28
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Overkill hypothesis 289, 290 Oxyaen
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Tulerpeton 14, 18 Tylopoda 264 Ukha
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

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