The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

Recommendations

Info

(a) (b) BUNODONTIA or SUIFORMES SUINA Entelodontidae Suidae* Tayassuidae Hippopotamidae* Anthracotheriidae ? ? ? ? ? ? SELENODONTIA NEOSELENODONTIA TYLOPODA RUMINANTIA SUOIDEA “TRAGULINA” PECORA CERVOIDEA (d) (e) Oreodontoidea Protoceratidea Oromerycidae Camelidae Hypertragulidae Tragulidae* Leptomerycidae Pseudoceras Giraffidae* Bovidae Moschidae Antilocapridae Palaeomerycidae* Dromomerycidae Cervidae Diacodexis Elomeryx (anthracothere) Prodesmatochoerus (oreodont) Figure. 7.20 Terrestrial artiodactyls. (a) Phylogeny of the atiodactyl families .Asterixes indicate families exclusive to the old world (Janis et al. 1998). (b) Basic hind foot and astragalus structure of artiodactyls (Carroll 1988). (c) Upper and lower dentitions in occlusal view, and skeleton of Diacodexis. Presacral length approx. 25 cm (Savage and Long 1986 and Stucky 1998). (d) Skull, upper, and lower teeth in occlusal view, and skeleton of the anthracothere Elomeryx. Shoulder height approx. 1.7 m (Kron and Manning 1998). (e) Skull, upper and lower dentition in occlusal view, and skeleton of the oreodont Prodesmatochoerus. Height at shoulder approx. 40 cm (Lander 1998). (c)
264 THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAMMALS amongst the modern mammalian fauna (Janis et al. 1997(c)). It has always been a relatively conservative order in terms of size and body form, not producing any really bizarre forms such as are found in the perissodactyls. On the other hand, artiodactyls were eventually to prove far and away the most diverse of all the ungulate orders, creating extraordinary difficulties for phylogenetic analysis. Homoplasy of morphological characters is rife, and disagreements at the lower taxonomic levels widespread. The more basal forms are included in the Suiformes, or Bunodontia, in which the molar teeth are bunodont, with low, rounded cusps appropriate for browsing and omnivory. The anthracotheriids (Fig. 7.20(d)) were the earliest family to radiate, in the Middle Eocene of Europe and Asia. By the Late Eocene, North American representatives are found (Kron and Manning 1997), and by the Oligocene they had arrived in Africa (Black 1978). Anthracotheriids varied in size from that of a small pig to that of a large hippopotamus, and being relatively heavily built and short-limbed, it is usually assumed that they had a semiaquatic, hippo-like existence. Indeed their decline in importance during the Miocene and onwards has sometimes been attributed to the Miocene origin of a second suiform family, the Hippopotamidae. However, this family never entered North America, even though anthracotheriids disappeared there too. The third suiform family, Suidae, are first found in the Oligocene of Eurasia, and like the hippos went on to radiate from the Miocene onwards exclusively in the Old World. In contrast, the fourth group, Tayassuidae, or peccaries, were exclusively New World in distribution (Wright 1998). These generally pig-like forms appeared and radiated widely during the Miocene, and entered South America during the Plio-Pleistocene. All other artiodactyls are included in a taxon Selenodontia, on the basis of the evolution of selenodont cheek teeth, whose crescentic-shaped crests contributed to a structure capable of dealing with tougher vegetation. The least modified of the selenodonts are the Tylopoda, a primarily North American group. It consists of the Middle Eocene and Miocene Oreodontidae (Fig. 7.20(e)), which were pig-like forms (Lander 1998), and the Camelidae. The latter were a very important part of the large herbivore fauna during the Miocene, and only finally disappeared from that continent in the Late Pleistocene (Honey et al. 1998). The familiar Eurasian and African camels of today are the descendants of Late Miocene immigrants (Agustí and Antón 2002). The Ruminantia constitute by far the majority of artiodactyls, most of which are Old World in distribution. Fossil ruminants are recognisable by the loss of the upper incisors, and fusion of the cuboid and navicular bones of the forefoot. The earliest, and most primitive members are represented by families in North America and Eurasia by the Upper Eocene, and in Africa by the Early Miocene. A complex evolutionary radiation and dispersal pattern of the ruminants followed in all three areas (Gentry and Hooker 1988; Janis and Scott 1988; Janis et al. 1998c), culminating in the dominant position amongst ungulate mammal faunas that they hold today. The more progressive members, the pecorans were always predominantly Old World forms, and include the Giraffidae, and particularly the Bovidae that are the most diverse artiodactyls of Africa. The Cervidae were always more cosmopolitan, and are the dominant Eurasian ruminants. Only one or two rare fossils of either cervids or bovids have been discovered in North America before the Late Pleistocene. In fact, only one pecoran family at all, Antilocapridae, was ever very significant in North America. They were quite abundant during the Miocene, but disappeared during the Plio-Pleistocene with the sole exception of Antilocapra, the living pronghorn antelope (Janis and Manning 1998). The very strong molecular evidence for a sistergroup relationship between whales and hippos was discussed earlier in the chapter. Until recently, the fossil evidence did not support this, and on the basis of dental and braincase characters in particular, cetaceans were regarded as related to, indeed descended from mesonychid ‘condylarths’. The fossil record of cetaceans is actually remarkably good, owing to their marine habitat, and a diversity of primitive, Eocene whales have been described (Williams 1998; Thewissen and Williams 2002). They are mainly from the Indian subcontinent and Egypt, both of which bordered the Tethys Sea at the
Page 2 and 3:
The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
Page 4 and 5:
The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
Page 6 and 7:
Preface This book arose from twin a
Page 8 and 9:
For Mal /gosia with love and thanks
Page 10 and 11:
Contents 1 Introduction The definit
Page 12 and 13:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction There are ab
Page 14 and 15:
transversely occluding molar teeth
Page 16 and 17:
the Mesozoic mammals, is to do with
Page 18 and 19:
a hierarchy of committees under the
Page 20 and 21:
it means that a 200 Ma igneous rock
Page 22 and 23:
een a more fundamental impact than
Page 24 and 25:
Table 2.3 Classification of marsupi
Page 26 and 27:
(a) (b) (c) humerus radius aquatic
Page 28 and 29:
(a) Westlothiana Limnoscelis PO Wes
Page 30 and 31:
the ankle bones to form an astragal
Page 32 and 33:
(b) (c) (a) Casea rutena Casea broi
Page 34 and 35:
(Fig. 3.2(f)), is actually an ophia
Page 36 and 37:
the first one is enlarged, often to
Page 38 and 39:
Even at their initial appearance in
Page 40 and 41:
(a) Nikkasaurus (b) (d) Reiszia (e)
Page 42 and 43:
Nikkasauridae The family Nikkasauri
Page 44 and 45:
has figured large in discussions of
Page 46 and 47:
(c) Figure 3.9 (continued). Syodon
Page 48 and 49:
a mixture of progressively more spe
Page 50 and 51:
animal with interdigitating, but no
Page 52 and 53:
(e) (a) Anomocephalus Ulemica (b) S
Page 54 and 55:
mandibulae musculature. This, as in
Page 56 and 57:
To date the postcranial skeleton of
Page 58 and 59:
ecognised four subgroups, based mai
Page 60 and 61:
the presence of a deep, longitudina
Page 62 and 63:
collected from the Lystrosaurus Ass
Page 64 and 65:
(a) (d) (c) (b) Leontocephalus V PA
Page 66 and 67:
(a) (c) Lycosuchus Oliveria (d) EVO
Page 68 and 69:
separate families. Lycosuchidae (Fi
Page 70 and 71:
consist of a large labial cusp and
Page 72 and 73:
Procynosuchus (d) Procynosuchus (a)
Page 74 and 75:
They constitute the monophyletic gr
Page 76 and 77:
Although there is no mammal-like co
Page 78 and 79:
Cynognathidae Cynognathus (Fig. 3.2
Page 80 and 81:
(e) (f) Figure 3.22 (continued). Ma
Page 82 and 83:
(c) (d) (a) (b) Kayentatherium EVOL
Page 84 and 85:
Pachygenelus (e) (a) (c) Therioherp
Page 86 and 87:
palatal, and orbitosphenoid bones,
Page 88 and 89:
Wible and Hopson 1993). The interor
Page 90 and 91:
published a cladogram based on rece
Page 92 and 93:
310-320 Ma. By this time, the great
Page 94 and 95:
are forms such as Casea itself, var
Page 96 and 97:
lakes and swamps in the low-lying l
Page 98 and 99:
urrowing and subsisting on a diet o
Page 100 and 101:
Eothyris Haptodus sphenacodontine B
Page 102 and 103:
z (a) (c) a.pt.m. M B PO P P SQ P M
Page 104 and 105:
(b) a.pt.m. temp.m. a.pt.m. temp.m.
Page 106 and 107:
the dentary bone above the level of
Page 108 and 109:
the therocephalian grade was not on
Page 110 and 111:
A balance was also achieved in the
Page 112 and 113:
Locomotion Ancestral amniote grade
Page 114 and 115:
screw-shaped: the front part faces
Page 116 and 117:
For the recovery phase, the relativ
Page 118 and 119:
SC PRC p.i.f.i tr.min (c) dp.cr ect
Page 120 and 121:
the therocephalian pelvis and hindl
Page 122 and 123:
spc s.sp s.sp SC PRC (d) delt T AST
Page 124 and 125:
no significant novelties to what ha
Page 126 and 127:
(a) (c) (e) (g) D D ex. au.m C tym
Page 128 and 129:
(a) (c) (d) PMX (f) V n.turb mx.tur
Page 130 and 131:
ol.b (a) (b) cer.hem gorgonopsian t
Page 132 and 133:
(a) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) a g
Page 134 and 135:
cold stress, the part that usually
Page 136 and 137:
conducted the experiment of wrappin
Page 138 and 139:
mammals themselves that the enlarge
Page 140 and 141:
elevation of maximum aerobic activi
Page 142 and 143:
a mammal. The difficulty with all s
Page 144 and 145:
collection, ingestion, and assimila
Page 146 and 147:
were edaphosaurid and caseid pelyco
Page 148 and 149:
CHAPTER 5 The Mesozoic mammals The
Page 150 and 151:
(a) (d) AL condylar foramina are se
Page 152 and 153:
evidence to relate the haramiyidans
Page 154 and 155:
postcranial skeleton, and Graybeal
Page 156 and 157:
side of the head can be in action a
Page 158 and 159:
the lower molars is relatively high
Page 160 and 161:
morganucodontan teeth. However, des
Page 162 and 163:
adjacent lower molars. A small exte
Page 164 and 165:
(a) (b) (d) P4 P4 Plagiaulax P4 Pau
Page 166 and 167:
American Morrison Formation genus C
Page 168 and 169:
a self-sharpening property. As the
Page 170 and 171:
near parasagittal gait (Fig. 5.11(e
Page 172 and 173:
pass through the birth canal. Relat
Page 174 and 175:
(a) 1 (b) (d) me (c) me.d 3 styl st
Page 176 and 177:
(a) (c) Henkelotherium Crusafontia
Page 178 and 179:
pubis is excluded from the acetabul
Page 180 and 181:
Cretaceous, (Aptian or Albian) of M
Page 182 and 183:
eautifully preserved placentals fro
Page 184 and 185:
subsequent specimens revealed that
Page 186 and 187:
Minimal divergence of tribosphenida
Page 188 and 189:
(c) (a) M 1 M 1 M 2 Steropodon M 2
Page 190 and 191:
(b) (a) (c) pa.d pr.d me.d Ambondro
Page 192 and 193:
crown-group therians) is accepted b
Page 194 and 195:
form of the tooth, must reflect sub
Page 196 and 197:
of feasibility that a taxon of endo
Page 198 and 199:
mammals, by creating environmental
Page 200 and 201:
the 11 species of marsupial, of whi
Page 202 and 203:
(d) (a) pa A Dasyuromorphia B C pr
Page 204 and 205:
earing two huge claws on digits thr
Page 206 and 207:
that contains the independent ances
Page 208 and 209:
(b) (d) (a) Glasbius Alphadon (c) D
Page 210 and 211:
elieved to be Late Cretaceous in ag
Page 212 and 213:
(Fig. 6.5(c)). The dentition exhibi
Page 214 and 215:
(d) Figure 6.6 (continued). Thylaco
Page 216 and 217:
(a) (c) Caroloameghina and Procarol
Page 218 and 219:
(a) (e) (d) Proargyrolagus Groeberi
Page 220 and 221:
(a) (b) Djarthia Thylacotinga (c) (
Page 222 and 223:
LIVING AND FOSSIL MARSUPIALS 211 M
Page 224 and 225: Extinct Notoryctemorphia At present
Page 226 and 227: (f) (g) Wakaleo Diprotodon optatum
Page 228 and 229: fossil mammals, which might help cl
Page 230 and 231: 30 40 50 60 Figure 6.13 Southern Go
Page 232 and 233: the Diprotodontia also included gen
Page 234 and 235: 1. Placentalia 2. Edentata 3. Epith
Page 236 and 237: effectively absent. However, increa
Page 238 and 239: Asioryctes (a) (b) (d) Cimolestes p
Page 240 and 241: and Prokennalestes, although it doe
Page 242 and 243: (a) Leptictidium Palaeoryctidans we
Page 244 and 245: (a) Purgatorius (c) are part of the
Page 246 and 247: (a) (d) (e) (g) Protoungulatum Meso
Page 248 and 249: (a) (f) (e) Hyopsodus Phenacodus (d
Page 250 and 251: Titanoides (pantodont) (a) (c) (b)
Page 252 and 253: (a) (b) (d) Trogosus (tillodont) Es
Page 254 and 255: Mioclaenus Paulacoutoia (didolodont
Page 256 and 257: their presence. The five orders may
Page 258 and 259: Xenungulata. Only two Late Palaeoce
Page 260 and 261: (a) (b) (d) (c) Oxyaena Patriofelis
Page 262 and 263: continuously growing, and form a gr
Page 264 and 265: navicular facet, 19 or more thoraci
Page 266 and 267: (a) (c) Phosphatherium Numidotheriu
Page 268 and 269: coexist with other characters that
Page 270 and 271: The salient feature of Widanelfasia
Page 272 and 273: 1 (a) 1. Perissodactyla 2. Titanoth
Page 276 and 277: time, which suggests that it was on
Page 278 and 279: condition. This particular combinat
Page 280 and 281: etween Primates, Dermoptera (colugo
Page 282 and 283: have postcranial adaptations for ar
Page 284 and 285: undoubtedly related at a supraordin
Page 286 and 287: indisputably to occur prior to the
Page 288 and 289: The Late Cretaceous mammal record i
Page 290 and 291: interordinal divergences in the Lat
Page 292 and 293: diversity on Earth (Janis 1993). Fu
Page 294 and 295: effect of the surrounding sea. Trop
Page 296 and 297: was high. It lasted from 5 to 3 Ma
Page 298 and 299: and thus remain in their preferred
Page 300 and 301: agreement about exactly when within
Page 302 and 303: References Abdala, F. Redescription
Page 304 and 305: Ax, P. 1987. The phylogenetic syste
Page 306 and 307: Bramble, D. M. 1978. Origin of the
Page 308 and 309: Colbert, E.H. 1948. The mammal-like
Page 310 and 311: Duvall, D. 1986. A new question of
Page 312 and 313: Gow, C.E. 1980. The dentitions of t
Page 314 and 315: Ivakhnenko, M.F. 1990. The late Pal
Page 316 and 317: Kemp, T.S. 1988a. A note on the Mes
Page 318 and 319: cladogenesis in dasyurid marsupials
Page 320 and 321: (eds) Evolution of Tertiary mammals
Page 322 and 323: McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997.
Page 324 and 325:
(ed) The phylogeny and classificati
Page 326 and 327:
Ray, S. 2000.Endothiodont dicynodon
Page 328 and 329:
Rubidge, B.S., Kitching, J.W., and
Page 330 and 331:
Simpson, G.G. 1970. The Argyrolagid
Page 332 and 333:
Thewissen, J.G.M. 1990. Evolution o
Page 334 and 335:
Novacek, M.J., and McKenna, M.C. (e
Page 336 and 337:
Index Note: Page numbers in italics
Page 338 and 339:
Equoidea 262 Equus 262 Erethizon 28
Page 340 and 341:
Overkill hypothesis 289, 290 Oxyaen
Page 342:
Tulerpeton 14, 18 Tylopoda 264 Ukha
show all

The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?