The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

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Equoidea 262 Equus 262 Erethizon 285 Erinaceidae 268 Ernanodon 247, 248 Erythrotherium 145 Escavadon 247, 248 Estemmenosuchia 38–9 Estemmenosuchus 29, 30, 37 Esthonyx 240 Euarchontoglires 226, 268–74 Euchambersia 57, 58 Eucynodont grade feeding mechanism 98–100 locomotion 110–2 Eucynodontia 64–75 Eulipotyphla 268 Eupantotheria 161, 166–7, 178 Eupelycosauria 22–6 feeding mechanism 92 Eurotamandua 251 Eurymylids 273 Eutherapsida 79 Eutheria See Placentalia Eutheriodontia 60, 79 Eutherocephalia 57 Eutriconodonta 150–2, 178 Exaeretodon 69 Falpetrus 173, 174 Feliformes 259 Ferugliotherium 152 Ferungulata 222 Folivores 267 fossils dating 7, 9 morphological characters 9 Galechirus 41, 43 Galeops 41, 43 Galepus 43 Galesauridae 63–4 Galesaurus 63, 86 Garden of Eden hypothesis 276–7, 278 Gashatostylops 241 Glasbiidae 198 Glasbius 197, 204, 217 Glaucosaurus 23, 24 Glires 222, 229, 273–4 Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) 6 Glossopteris 85 Glyptodonta 250–1 Glyptotherium 251 Gobiconodon 150, 151, 152 ostromi 183 Gobiotherodon 163 Golden spike 6 Gomphodont cynodonts 76 Gomophothere Land Bridge 256 Gomphotherium 255, 256 Gorgonpsidae 52 Gorgonopsia 28, 52–4 brain 119 Great American Biotic Interchange 286 Groeberia 206–8, 207 Groeberida 206 Grube Messel Eocene Locality 4 Gypsonictops 227, 228, 229 illuminatus 189 Hadrocodium 149, 183 Haemothermia 1 Haldanodon 147, 148, 149 Hapalodectes 236 Haplorhini 271 Haptodus 25–6 Haramiya 140 Haramiyida 140 Harmiyavia 139 Harpagolestes 235, 236 Henkelotherium 165, 166–7, 183 Heomys 231, 232, 273 Herodotius 257 Hesperocyon 258, 260 Himalayacetus 265 Hippidion 285 Hippopotamidae 264 Hipposaurus 33 Holoclemensia 173, 174 Holotheria 161 Hominidae 272 Homo sapiens 272 Homogalax 260, 261 Hoplophoneus 258, 259 Hunter-Schreger bands 186 Hyaenodontidae 248, 250 Hylonomus 16, 18 Hyopsodontids 236 Hyopsodus 236, 237 Hypsilolambda 238 Hyrachyus 262 Hyracoidea 252, 253 Hyracotherium 260, 260 Hystricognatha 273–4 Ianthasaurus 23, 24 Icaronycteris 267, 268 Ichthyostega 14, 15 Ictidosuchops 55 Ictidorhinus 32, 33 Ilariidae 215 Indricotherium 262 inertial homeothermy 123 Inostrancevia 52, 54 Insectivora 225 Ischigualastia 50, 52 Jeholodens 150, 151–2 Jonkeria 35, 36, 37 K/T fern-spike 188 K/T mass extinction 186–9 Kamoyapithecus 272 Kannemeyeria 50, 51 Kannemeyeriids 86 Triassic radiation 51–2 Karanisia 271 Kawingasaurus 48 Kayentatherium 71, 72 Keeura 212 Kennalestes 171, 227, 229 brain 119 Kermackia 173, 174 Khasia 199, 209, 210, 219 Kielantherium 168, 169 Klohnia 207, 208 Kwazulusaurus 49, 50 Kingoria 46, 47–8 Kingorioidea 47–8 Kokopellia 171, 172, 196, 198 Kombuisia 48, 86 Kryptobaatar 160–1 Kuehneotherium 161, 162, 163, 166, 175, 181 Kulbeckia 229 Kühne, Walter 147 La Grande Coupure 282–3 Lagomorpha 274 Lambdopsalis 158, 159, 160 Laurasiatheria 226, 259–68 Lemurosaurus 32, 33 Leptictida 229 Leptictidium 230, 231 Leptictis 230 Leonardus 165 Leontocephalus 53 Limnoscelis 17 Litopterna 245 Lofochaius 240 Long fuse hypothesis 277–9 Luangwa 68, 69, 96 Lumkuia 66, 70 Lycaenops 54 Lycosuchidae 57 Lycosuchus 55, 57 Lystrosaurus 46, 49, 50–1, 86 INDEX 327
328 INDEX Macrauchenia 244, 245 Macropodidae 216 Macroscelidea 257 mammal-like reptiles See Synapsida Mammalia See Mammals Mammaliaformes 2, 138 Mammaliamorpha 2 Mammalian grade feeding mechanism 100 locomotion 112–3 Mammalian megafaunal extinction 287–90 Mammals 14 bird relationship 1 brain 118–20 characteristics 1, 88 classification 12–13 definition 1–3 ears 113–6 evolution 115 evolution 3–4, 134–6 growth and development 120–1 habitat 130–3 macroevolutionary issues 4–5 Mesozoic See Mesozoic mammals olfaction 116–8 phylogeny 11, 75, 223 Sister group temperature regulation 132–3 Marambiotherium 210 Marsasia 171, 198 Marsupials 1, 171, 173, 194 cladogram 195 classification 13, 191–3 Cretaceous radiation 196–8 dentition 190, 191 evolution 216–21 Antarctica 218 Australia 218–221 South America 217–8 interrelationships 193–6 Molecular phylogeny 195–196 reproduction 190 Massetognathus 68–9 locomotion 110 Mayulestes 202, 203 Megachiroptera 268 Megalohyrax 253, 254 Megalonyx 251 Megatheriids 251 Megatherium 251 Megazostrodon 130, 145 Meiostylodon 240 Meniscotherium 237, 238 Meridiungulata 242, 243 Mesenosaurus 22 Mesonychids 224, 236 Mesonyx 235, 236 Mesotherium 246 Mesozoic mammals 3, 12 diet 183, 184, 185–6 evolution 181–3 interrelationships 180–1 nocturnality 183–4 phylogeny 180 Metacheiromys 247, 248 Metatheria See Marsupials Miacidae 250 Miacis 249 Miacoidea 250 Microbiotheria 192, 209–10 Microbiotherium 209–10 Microsorex hoyi 183 Microurania 29, 30 Mimotona 231, 232, 274 Minchenella 253 miniaturisation mammals 135–6 thermoregulation hypothesis 123–4 Mioclaenidae 236, 237 Mioclaenus 243 Miocochilius 246 Miralina 214 Mixodonta 231 Mixotoxodon 245, 285 Moeritherium 253, 255, 256, 257 Molecular taxonomy 9, 11 Monotremata 1, 173–8 Mesozoic mammals relationship 175 Theria relationship 176 Monotrematum 176, 177 Montanalestes 169, 170, 228 Morganucodon 70, 74, 76, 77, 78, 138, 142–3, 145, 146, 147, 167 brain 120 feeding mechanism 100 growth and development 121 habitat 130 Monotremes relationship 175–6 teeth 148 Morganucodon oehleri 143 Morganucodonta 142–7 locomotion 146 Moromorpha 262 Moropus 262 Moschops 34, 38 Moschowhaitsia 57 Moschorhinus 57, 58, 86 Miralinidae 216 Multituberculates 152–61 brain 160 dentition 154 evolution 154–5 extinction 161 jaw musculature 156 locomotion 157–9 skull 153, 154 Muramura 213, 214 Murtoilestes 169, 226, 228 Mylodontids 251 Myosaurus 45 Myrmecobiidae 212 Myrmecophaga 285 Myrmecobius fasciatus 192 Nemegtbaatar 157 brain 160 locomotion 158, 159 skull 153 Neotherapsida 79 Niaftasuchus 29, 31 Nikkasauridae 31 Nikkasaurus 29, 31 Nimravidae 259 nocturnalisation thermoregulation hypothesis 124–5 North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMA) 7 Notharctus 269 Notioprogonia 245 Notoryctemorphia 192–3, 213 Notoryctes 194, 213 Notostylops 246 Notoungulata 245 Numbats See Myrmecobiidae Numidotherium 255, 256 Obdurodon 176, 177 Ocher/Isheevo fauna 38 Oedaleops 20, 21, 22 Oligokyphus 71, 72, 76 Oliveria 55, 57 Omomyoidea 269, 271 Onychodectes 238, 239 Ophiacodon 23–4 Ophiacodontidae 22–4 Oreodontidae 264 Ornithorhynchus 174, 176 Orycteropus afer 257 Otsheria 39, 42 Otsheria netzvetajevi 41, 42 Oudenodon 46, 49
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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Preface This book arose from twin a
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For Mal /gosia with love and thanks
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Contents 1 Introduction The definit
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction There are ab
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transversely occluding molar teeth
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the Mesozoic mammals, is to do with
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a hierarchy of committees under the
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it means that a 200 Ma igneous rock
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een a more fundamental impact than
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Table 2.3 Classification of marsupi
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(a) (b) (c) humerus radius aquatic
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(a) Westlothiana Limnoscelis PO Wes
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the ankle bones to form an astragal
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(b) (c) (a) Casea rutena Casea broi
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(Fig. 3.2(f)), is actually an ophia
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the first one is enlarged, often to
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Even at their initial appearance in
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(a) Nikkasaurus (b) (d) Reiszia (e)
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Nikkasauridae The family Nikkasauri
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has figured large in discussions of
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(c) Figure 3.9 (continued). Syodon
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a mixture of progressively more spe
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animal with interdigitating, but no
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(e) (a) Anomocephalus Ulemica (b) S
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mandibulae musculature. This, as in
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To date the postcranial skeleton of
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ecognised four subgroups, based mai
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the presence of a deep, longitudina
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collected from the Lystrosaurus Ass
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(a) (d) (c) (b) Leontocephalus V PA
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(a) (c) Lycosuchus Oliveria (d) EVO
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separate families. Lycosuchidae (Fi
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consist of a large labial cusp and
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Procynosuchus (d) Procynosuchus (a)
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They constitute the monophyletic gr
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Although there is no mammal-like co
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Cynognathidae Cynognathus (Fig. 3.2
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(e) (f) Figure 3.22 (continued). Ma
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(c) (d) (a) (b) Kayentatherium EVOL
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Pachygenelus (e) (a) (c) Therioherp
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palatal, and orbitosphenoid bones,
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Wible and Hopson 1993). The interor
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published a cladogram based on rece
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310-320 Ma. By this time, the great
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are forms such as Casea itself, var
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lakes and swamps in the low-lying l
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urrowing and subsisting on a diet o
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Eothyris Haptodus sphenacodontine B
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z (a) (c) a.pt.m. M B PO P P SQ P M
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(b) a.pt.m. temp.m. a.pt.m. temp.m.
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the dentary bone above the level of
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the therocephalian grade was not on
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A balance was also achieved in the
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Locomotion Ancestral amniote grade
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screw-shaped: the front part faces
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For the recovery phase, the relativ
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SC PRC p.i.f.i tr.min (c) dp.cr ect
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the therocephalian pelvis and hindl
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spc s.sp s.sp SC PRC (d) delt T AST
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no significant novelties to what ha
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(a) (c) (e) (g) D D ex. au.m C tym
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(a) (c) (d) PMX (f) V n.turb mx.tur
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ol.b (a) (b) cer.hem gorgonopsian t
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(a) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) a g
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cold stress, the part that usually
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conducted the experiment of wrappin
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mammals themselves that the enlarge
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elevation of maximum aerobic activi
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a mammal. The difficulty with all s
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collection, ingestion, and assimila
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were edaphosaurid and caseid pelyco
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CHAPTER 5 The Mesozoic mammals The
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(a) (d) AL condylar foramina are se
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evidence to relate the haramiyidans
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postcranial skeleton, and Graybeal
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side of the head can be in action a
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the lower molars is relatively high
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morganucodontan teeth. However, des
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adjacent lower molars. A small exte
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(a) (b) (d) P4 P4 Plagiaulax P4 Pau
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American Morrison Formation genus C
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a self-sharpening property. As the
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near parasagittal gait (Fig. 5.11(e
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pass through the birth canal. Relat
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(a) 1 (b) (d) me (c) me.d 3 styl st
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(a) (c) Henkelotherium Crusafontia
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pubis is excluded from the acetabul
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Cretaceous, (Aptian or Albian) of M
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eautifully preserved placentals fro
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subsequent specimens revealed that
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Minimal divergence of tribosphenida
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(c) (a) M 1 M 1 M 2 Steropodon M 2
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(b) (a) (c) pa.d pr.d me.d Ambondro
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crown-group therians) is accepted b
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form of the tooth, must reflect sub
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of feasibility that a taxon of endo
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mammals, by creating environmental
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the 11 species of marsupial, of whi
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(d) (a) pa A Dasyuromorphia B C pr
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earing two huge claws on digits thr
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that contains the independent ances
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(b) (d) (a) Glasbius Alphadon (c) D
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elieved to be Late Cretaceous in ag
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(Fig. 6.5(c)). The dentition exhibi
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(d) Figure 6.6 (continued). Thylaco
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(a) (c) Caroloameghina and Procarol
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(a) (e) (d) Proargyrolagus Groeberi
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(a) (b) Djarthia Thylacotinga (c) (
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LIVING AND FOSSIL MARSUPIALS 211 M
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Extinct Notoryctemorphia At present
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(f) (g) Wakaleo Diprotodon optatum
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fossil mammals, which might help cl
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30 40 50 60 Figure 6.13 Southern Go
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the Diprotodontia also included gen
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1. Placentalia 2. Edentata 3. Epith
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effectively absent. However, increa
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Asioryctes (a) (b) (d) Cimolestes p
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and Prokennalestes, although it doe
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(a) Leptictidium Palaeoryctidans we
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(a) Purgatorius (c) are part of the
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(a) (d) (e) (g) Protoungulatum Meso
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(a) (f) (e) Hyopsodus Phenacodus (d
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Titanoides (pantodont) (a) (c) (b)
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(a) (b) (d) Trogosus (tillodont) Es
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Mioclaenus Paulacoutoia (didolodont
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their presence. The five orders may
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Xenungulata. Only two Late Palaeoce
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(a) (b) (d) (c) Oxyaena Patriofelis
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continuously growing, and form a gr
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navicular facet, 19 or more thoraci
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(a) (c) Phosphatherium Numidotheriu
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coexist with other characters that
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The salient feature of Widanelfasia
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1 (a) 1. Perissodactyla 2. Titanoth
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(a) (b) BUNODONTIA or SUIFORMES SUI
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time, which suggests that it was on
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condition. This particular combinat
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etween Primates, Dermoptera (colugo
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have postcranial adaptations for ar
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undoubtedly related at a supraordin
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indisputably to occur prior to the
Page 288 and 289: The Late Cretaceous mammal record i
Page 290 and 291: interordinal divergences in the Lat
Page 292 and 293: diversity on Earth (Janis 1993). Fu
Page 294 and 295: effect of the surrounding sea. Trop
Page 296 and 297: was high. It lasted from 5 to 3 Ma
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Page 300 and 301: agreement about exactly when within
Page 302 and 303: References Abdala, F. Redescription
Page 304 and 305: Ax, P. 1987. The phylogenetic syste
Page 306 and 307: Bramble, D. M. 1978. Origin of the
Page 308 and 309: Colbert, E.H. 1948. The mammal-like
Page 310 and 311: Duvall, D. 1986. A new question of
Page 312 and 313: Gow, C.E. 1980. The dentitions of t
Page 314 and 315: Ivakhnenko, M.F. 1990. The late Pal
Page 316 and 317: Kemp, T.S. 1988a. A note on the Mes
Page 318 and 319: cladogenesis in dasyurid marsupials
Page 320 and 321: (eds) Evolution of Tertiary mammals
Page 322 and 323: McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997.
Page 324 and 325: (ed) The phylogeny and classificati
Page 326 and 327: Ray, S. 2000.Endothiodont dicynodon
Page 328 and 329: Rubidge, B.S., Kitching, J.W., and
Page 330 and 331: Simpson, G.G. 1970. The Argyrolagid
Page 332 and 333: Thewissen, J.G.M. 1990. Evolution o
Page 334 and 335: Novacek, M.J., and McKenna, M.C. (e
Page 336 and 337: Index Note: Page numbers in italics
Page 340 and 341: Overkill hypothesis 289, 290 Oxyaen
Page 342: Tulerpeton 14, 18 Tylopoda 264 Ukha
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