The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

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(a) Nikkasaurus (b) (d) Reiszia (e) (f) Phthinosuchus Phthinosaurus (c) (g) EVOLUTION OF MAMMAL-LIKE REPTILES 29 Niaftasuchus Microurania Estemmenosuchus Figure 3.7 Problematic early therapsids. (a) Skull of Nikkasaurus tatarinovi in lateral view (Ivakhnenko 2000b). (b) Inner view of lower jaw of Reiszia gubini (Ivakhnenko 2000b). (c) Lateral view of skull of Niaftasuchus zekkeli (Ivakhnenko 1990). (d) Microurania minima (Ivakhnenko 1996). (e) Phthinosuchus discors in dorsal and lateral views (Sigogneau-Russell 1989). (f) Phthinosaurus borissiaki lower jaw in medial view, showing preserved postcanine tooth in lateral and ventral view (Ivakhnenko 1996). (g) Skull of Estemmenosuchus uralensis in ventral, dorsal and lateral views. (King 1988). (h) Tetraceratops (Laurin and Reisz 1996). Continued overleaf
30 THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAMMALS (h) Figure 3.7 (continued). Tetraceratops Rubidge et al. 1995) but not so far from either the Russian or Chinese contemporary sediments. Among the largely discredited fragmentary specimens from the Guadalupian of North America mentioned earlier as possible therapsids, there is one, Watongia, that may be a basal gorgonopsian (Olson 1974). It is represented by two cranial fragments, and several postcranial bones. According to Olson, there is a preparietal bone on the fragment of skull roof, and also somewhat gorgonopsian-like vertebrae, slender limb bones, and some reduction in size of certain phalanges of the hind foot. Therocephalia (page 56) An incomplete skull of a member of this group of carnivorous therapsids, that also became prominent later, was described from the South African Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone by Rubidge et al. (1983). Estemmenosuchus (page 38) Estemmenosuchus (Fig. 3.7(g)) was a large herbivore with simple, interdigitating incisors, large canines, and a long row of small, serrated, bulbous postcanines. It occurs exclusively in the Ezhovo (Ocher) fauna, and is usually placed in the Dinocephalia. However, the grounds for this are not convincing, and its relationships may be quite elsewhere as mentioned in the next paragraph. Rhopalodonta The genus Phthinosuchus (Fig. 3.7(e)) is based on the poorly preserved posterior two-thirds of a skull and associated lower jaws from the Belebey fauna of the Copper Sandstones of the Urals. Apart from primitive therapsid characters, very little can be made out from the specimen that links it to any other taxon. A second specimen of phthinosuchid consists of a lower jaw, again very poorly preserved, that has usually been referred to a separate genus Phthinosaurus (Fig. 3.7(f)). Again, it is largely lacking in diagnostic characters. The two tend to be interpreted rather vaguely as a basal therapsid family Phthinosuchidae, for example by Sigogneau-Russell (1989). Hopson and Barghusen (1986; Hopson 1991) suggested they may be related to biarmosuchians, but otherwise ignored them completely. More recently, Ivakhnenko (1996, 2000a) has pointed out that the jaw of Phthinosaurus carries a postcanine tooth that is leaflike, with course serrations on the front and hind edges, and a vertical crest in the middle of the inner side. In these respects it resembles the postcanine teeth of Estemmenosuchus. Other forms that have similar postcanine teeth include a small, recently described partial skull, Microurania (Fig. 3.7(d)), and several other very fragmentary remains referred to as Parabradyosaurus (Ivakhnenko 1995). This led him to suggest that there is a taxon consisting of very early, primitive herbivores characterised by the serrated, leaf-like tooth and also, where it is known, by a canine tooth that is round in section, and by the particular form of the temporal fenestra. The proposed group is named Rhopalodonta and while its reality must be regarded as very tentative at present, it would certainly resolve the question of the relationships of several of these early, incompletely known forms.
Page 2 and 3: The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
Page 4 and 5: The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
Page 6 and 7: Preface This book arose from twin a
Page 8 and 9: For Mal /gosia with love and thanks
Page 10 and 11: Contents 1 Introduction The definit
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 1 Introduction There are ab
Page 14 and 15: transversely occluding molar teeth
Page 16 and 17: the Mesozoic mammals, is to do with
Page 18 and 19: a hierarchy of committees under the
Page 20 and 21: it means that a 200 Ma igneous rock
Page 22 and 23: een a more fundamental impact than
Page 24 and 25: Table 2.3 Classification of marsupi
Page 26 and 27: (a) (b) (c) humerus radius aquatic
Page 28 and 29: (a) Westlothiana Limnoscelis PO Wes
Page 30 and 31: the ankle bones to form an astragal
Page 32 and 33: (b) (c) (a) Casea rutena Casea broi
Page 34 and 35: (Fig. 3.2(f)), is actually an ophia
Page 36 and 37: the first one is enlarged, often to
Page 38 and 39: Even at their initial appearance in
Page 42 and 43: Nikkasauridae The family Nikkasauri
Page 44 and 45: has figured large in discussions of
Page 46 and 47: (c) Figure 3.9 (continued). Syodon
Page 48 and 49: a mixture of progressively more spe
Page 50 and 51: animal with interdigitating, but no
Page 52 and 53: (e) (a) Anomocephalus Ulemica (b) S
Page 54 and 55: mandibulae musculature. This, as in
Page 56 and 57: To date the postcranial skeleton of
Page 58 and 59: ecognised four subgroups, based mai
Page 60 and 61: the presence of a deep, longitudina
Page 62 and 63: collected from the Lystrosaurus Ass
Page 64 and 65: (a) (d) (c) (b) Leontocephalus V PA
Page 66 and 67: (a) (c) Lycosuchus Oliveria (d) EVO
Page 68 and 69: separate families. Lycosuchidae (Fi
Page 70 and 71: consist of a large labial cusp and
Page 72 and 73: Procynosuchus (d) Procynosuchus (a)
Page 74 and 75: They constitute the monophyletic gr
Page 76 and 77: Although there is no mammal-like co
Page 78 and 79: Cynognathidae Cynognathus (Fig. 3.2
Page 80 and 81: (e) (f) Figure 3.22 (continued). Ma
Page 82 and 83: (c) (d) (a) (b) Kayentatherium EVOL
Page 84 and 85: Pachygenelus (e) (a) (c) Therioherp
Page 86 and 87: palatal, and orbitosphenoid bones,
Page 88 and 89: Wible and Hopson 1993). The interor
Page 90 and 91:
published a cladogram based on rece
Page 92 and 93:
310-320 Ma. By this time, the great
Page 94 and 95:
are forms such as Casea itself, var
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lakes and swamps in the low-lying l
Page 98 and 99:
urrowing and subsisting on a diet o
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Eothyris Haptodus sphenacodontine B
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z (a) (c) a.pt.m. M B PO P P SQ P M
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(b) a.pt.m. temp.m. a.pt.m. temp.m.
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the dentary bone above the level of
Page 108 and 109:
the therocephalian grade was not on
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A balance was also achieved in the
Page 112 and 113:
Locomotion Ancestral amniote grade
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screw-shaped: the front part faces
Page 116 and 117:
For the recovery phase, the relativ
Page 118 and 119:
SC PRC p.i.f.i tr.min (c) dp.cr ect
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the therocephalian pelvis and hindl
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spc s.sp s.sp SC PRC (d) delt T AST
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no significant novelties to what ha
Page 126 and 127:
(a) (c) (e) (g) D D ex. au.m C tym
Page 128 and 129:
(a) (c) (d) PMX (f) V n.turb mx.tur
Page 130 and 131:
ol.b (a) (b) cer.hem gorgonopsian t
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(a) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) a g
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cold stress, the part that usually
Page 136 and 137:
conducted the experiment of wrappin
Page 138 and 139:
mammals themselves that the enlarge
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elevation of maximum aerobic activi
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a mammal. The difficulty with all s
Page 144 and 145:
collection, ingestion, and assimila
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were edaphosaurid and caseid pelyco
Page 148 and 149:
CHAPTER 5 The Mesozoic mammals The
Page 150 and 151:
(a) (d) AL condylar foramina are se
Page 152 and 153:
evidence to relate the haramiyidans
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postcranial skeleton, and Graybeal
Page 156 and 157:
side of the head can be in action a
Page 158 and 159:
the lower molars is relatively high
Page 160 and 161:
morganucodontan teeth. However, des
Page 162 and 163:
adjacent lower molars. A small exte
Page 164 and 165:
(a) (b) (d) P4 P4 Plagiaulax P4 Pau
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American Morrison Formation genus C
Page 168 and 169:
a self-sharpening property. As the
Page 170 and 171:
near parasagittal gait (Fig. 5.11(e
Page 172 and 173:
pass through the birth canal. Relat
Page 174 and 175:
(a) 1 (b) (d) me (c) me.d 3 styl st
Page 176 and 177:
(a) (c) Henkelotherium Crusafontia
Page 178 and 179:
pubis is excluded from the acetabul
Page 180 and 181:
Cretaceous, (Aptian or Albian) of M
Page 182 and 183:
eautifully preserved placentals fro
Page 184 and 185:
subsequent specimens revealed that
Page 186 and 187:
Minimal divergence of tribosphenida
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(c) (a) M 1 M 1 M 2 Steropodon M 2
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(b) (a) (c) pa.d pr.d me.d Ambondro
Page 192 and 193:
crown-group therians) is accepted b
Page 194 and 195:
form of the tooth, must reflect sub
Page 196 and 197:
of feasibility that a taxon of endo
Page 198 and 199:
mammals, by creating environmental
Page 200 and 201:
the 11 species of marsupial, of whi
Page 202 and 203:
(d) (a) pa A Dasyuromorphia B C pr
Page 204 and 205:
earing two huge claws on digits thr
Page 206 and 207:
that contains the independent ances
Page 208 and 209:
(b) (d) (a) Glasbius Alphadon (c) D
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elieved to be Late Cretaceous in ag
Page 212 and 213:
(Fig. 6.5(c)). The dentition exhibi
Page 214 and 215:
(d) Figure 6.6 (continued). Thylaco
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(a) (c) Caroloameghina and Procarol
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(a) (e) (d) Proargyrolagus Groeberi
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(a) (b) Djarthia Thylacotinga (c) (
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LIVING AND FOSSIL MARSUPIALS 211 M
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Extinct Notoryctemorphia At present
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(f) (g) Wakaleo Diprotodon optatum
Page 228 and 229:
fossil mammals, which might help cl
Page 230 and 231:
30 40 50 60 Figure 6.13 Southern Go
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the Diprotodontia also included gen
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1. Placentalia 2. Edentata 3. Epith
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effectively absent. However, increa
Page 238 and 239:
Asioryctes (a) (b) (d) Cimolestes p
Page 240 and 241:
and Prokennalestes, although it doe
Page 242 and 243:
(a) Leptictidium Palaeoryctidans we
Page 244 and 245:
(a) Purgatorius (c) are part of the
Page 246 and 247:
(a) (d) (e) (g) Protoungulatum Meso
Page 248 and 249:
(a) (f) (e) Hyopsodus Phenacodus (d
Page 250 and 251:
Titanoides (pantodont) (a) (c) (b)
Page 252 and 253:
(a) (b) (d) Trogosus (tillodont) Es
Page 254 and 255:
Mioclaenus Paulacoutoia (didolodont
Page 256 and 257:
their presence. The five orders may
Page 258 and 259:
Xenungulata. Only two Late Palaeoce
Page 260 and 261:
(a) (b) (d) (c) Oxyaena Patriofelis
Page 262 and 263:
continuously growing, and form a gr
Page 264 and 265:
navicular facet, 19 or more thoraci
Page 266 and 267:
(a) (c) Phosphatherium Numidotheriu
Page 268 and 269:
coexist with other characters that
Page 270 and 271:
The salient feature of Widanelfasia
Page 272 and 273:
1 (a) 1. Perissodactyla 2. Titanoth
Page 274 and 275:
(a) (b) BUNODONTIA or SUIFORMES SUI
Page 276 and 277:
time, which suggests that it was on
Page 278 and 279:
condition. This particular combinat
Page 280 and 281:
etween Primates, Dermoptera (colugo
Page 282 and 283:
have postcranial adaptations for ar
Page 284 and 285:
undoubtedly related at a supraordin
Page 286 and 287:
indisputably to occur prior to the
Page 288 and 289:
The Late Cretaceous mammal record i
Page 290 and 291:
interordinal divergences in the Lat
Page 292 and 293:
diversity on Earth (Janis 1993). Fu
Page 294 and 295:
effect of the surrounding sea. Trop
Page 296 and 297:
was high. It lasted from 5 to 3 Ma
Page 298 and 299:
and thus remain in their preferred
Page 300 and 301:
agreement about exactly when within
Page 302 and 303:
References Abdala, F. Redescription
Page 304 and 305:
Ax, P. 1987. The phylogenetic syste
Page 306 and 307:
Bramble, D. M. 1978. Origin of the
Page 308 and 309:
Colbert, E.H. 1948. The mammal-like
Page 310 and 311:
Duvall, D. 1986. A new question of
Page 312 and 313:
Gow, C.E. 1980. The dentitions of t
Page 314 and 315:
Ivakhnenko, M.F. 1990. The late Pal
Page 316 and 317:
Kemp, T.S. 1988a. A note on the Mes
Page 318 and 319:
cladogenesis in dasyurid marsupials
Page 320 and 321:
(eds) Evolution of Tertiary mammals
Page 322 and 323:
McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997.
Page 324 and 325:
(ed) The phylogeny and classificati
Page 326 and 327:
Ray, S. 2000.Endothiodont dicynodon
Page 328 and 329:
Rubidge, B.S., Kitching, J.W., and
Page 330 and 331:
Simpson, G.G. 1970. The Argyrolagid
Page 332 and 333:
Thewissen, J.G.M. 1990. Evolution o
Page 334 and 335:
Novacek, M.J., and McKenna, M.C. (e
Page 336 and 337:
Index Note: Page numbers in italics
Page 338 and 339:
Equoidea 262 Equus 262 Erethizon 28
Page 340 and 341:
Overkill hypothesis 289, 290 Oxyaen
Page 342:
Tulerpeton 14, 18 Tylopoda 264 Ukha
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

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