The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

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(a) (b) Djarthia Thylacotinga (c) (d) Tingamarra Bobbschaefferia Figure 6.9 Tingamarra mammals. (a) Upper molar of the didelphimorph-like Djarthia murgonensis in occlusal view (redrawn after Godthelp et al. 1999). (b) Isolated, incomplete upper molar of Thylacotinga bartholomaii (redrawn after Long et al. 2002). (c) Lower molar of Tingamarra porterorum in lingual, occlusal, and labial views, with (d) lower molar of Bobbshaefferia flumensis also in lingual, occlusal, and labial views for comparison (Woodburne and Case 1996). reduced in area and the stylar cusps are equal in size to the main cusps, creating a broad, crushing tooth. Yet other Tingamarran teeth have been attributed to the Microbiotheria (Archer et al. 1999) but this is also very tentative indeed. The most enigmatic Tingamarran fossil of all is a single lower molar tooth named Tingamarra (Fig. 6.9(c)). Godthelp et al. (1992) claimed that it is not a marsupial because it lacks the twinning of the entoconid and hypoconulid and other features that are so characteristic of marsupials. Instead, they attributed it to the primitive placental group LIVING AND FOSSIL MARSUPIALS 209 Condylarthra which, if true, would make it the only early Cenozoic placental known from Australia. Woodburne and Case (1996) challenged their interpenetration and proposed instead that Tingamarra is actually a marsupial, possibly a member of the ameridelphian family Protodidelphidae. Members of this family, of which the most familiar is Bobbschaefferia (Fig. 6.9(d)), have only been found otherwise in the Palaeocene Itaboraí deposits of South America, and therefore, on this view, Tingamarra would be an ameridelphian group common to both continents. An alternative possibility is that Tingamarra is a specialised australidelphian convergent upon such forms. Only better specimens are likely to resolve the question of its true identity. Thus the tantalising nature of these fragmentary Tingamarra mammals can be appreciated. At one extreme, they could all be basal members of the radiation of Australidelphia, and to varying degrees exhibiting a dental morphology convergent on other marsupial groups. At the other extreme, there could be representatives of as many as three ameridelphian taxa, didelphids, polydolopoids, and protodidelphids, and of microbiotheres that are also common to both continents. This conclusion would indicate that at the time of the Palaeocene–Eocene boundary there was virtually a single marsupial fauna throughout Gondwana. Only more diagnostic material will help to resolve the issue, which will be returned to later. Microbiotheria Once Szalay’s (1982) comparative study of ankle structure, and subsequent molecular and morphological analyses confirmed that the surviving South American microbiothere Dromiciops (Fig. 6.1(e) and 6.10(a)) is related to the Australian rather than the South American marsupials, the biogeographic and stratigraphic history of the group became very important. Characterised by the elongation of the talonid of the lower molars, and reduction of the stylar shelf of the upper molars, the earliest record is Khasia (Fig. 6.10(b)), molar teeth of which have been found in the Palaeocene Tiu Pampa locality of Argentina (Muizon 1991). Various other genera of microbiotheres occur through the South American fossil record, for instance Microbiotherium itself (Fig. 6.10(c)) in the Eocene and Miocene. They are
210 THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAMMALS (b) Khasia also represented in Antarctica, where teeth and jaws of Marambiotherium occur in the Eocene deposits of Seymour Island on the Antarctic Peninsular (Goin and Carlini 1995; Goin et al. 1999). In the light of this occurrence, the presence of microbiotheres in Australia would be more plausible although, as already mentioned, suggestions that they are represented in the Tingamarra Local Fauna have not yet been confirmed. (c) (a) Dromiciops Microbiotherium Figure 6.10 Microbiotheria. (a) Skull of the modern Dromiciops australis in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. Skull length approx. 3 cm (Reig et al. 1987). (b) The Tiupampan Khasia cordillerensis: upper molar in occlusal and lower molar in lingual view (redrawn after Marshall and Muizon 1992). (c) Dentition of the Eocene/Miocene Microbiotherium tehuellcum: upper in labial and occlusal views, lowers in occlusal and labial views (Reig et al. 1987). Yalkaparidontia The only Australian order of marsupials that has not survived to the present day is represented by the single genus Yalkaparidon (Fig. 6.11(a) and (b)) from the Miocene Riversleigh deposits (Archer et al. 1988). It was quite a small animal with a skull length of 5 cm and an extremely unusual dentition. The dental formula is reduced to I3/1 : C1/0 : P3/3 : M3/3. The first upper incisor and the lower incisor are huge, sharp
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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Preface This book arose from twin a
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For Mal /gosia with love and thanks
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Contents 1 Introduction The definit
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction There are ab
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transversely occluding molar teeth
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the Mesozoic mammals, is to do with
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a hierarchy of committees under the
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it means that a 200 Ma igneous rock
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een a more fundamental impact than
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Table 2.3 Classification of marsupi
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(a) (b) (c) humerus radius aquatic
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(a) Westlothiana Limnoscelis PO Wes
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the ankle bones to form an astragal
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(b) (c) (a) Casea rutena Casea broi
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(Fig. 3.2(f)), is actually an ophia
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the first one is enlarged, often to
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Even at their initial appearance in
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(a) Nikkasaurus (b) (d) Reiszia (e)
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Nikkasauridae The family Nikkasauri
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has figured large in discussions of
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(c) Figure 3.9 (continued). Syodon
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a mixture of progressively more spe
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animal with interdigitating, but no
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(e) (a) Anomocephalus Ulemica (b) S
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mandibulae musculature. This, as in
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To date the postcranial skeleton of
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ecognised four subgroups, based mai
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the presence of a deep, longitudina
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collected from the Lystrosaurus Ass
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(a) (d) (c) (b) Leontocephalus V PA
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(a) (c) Lycosuchus Oliveria (d) EVO
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separate families. Lycosuchidae (Fi
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consist of a large labial cusp and
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Procynosuchus (d) Procynosuchus (a)
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They constitute the monophyletic gr
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Although there is no mammal-like co
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Cynognathidae Cynognathus (Fig. 3.2
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(e) (f) Figure 3.22 (continued). Ma
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(c) (d) (a) (b) Kayentatherium EVOL
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Pachygenelus (e) (a) (c) Therioherp
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palatal, and orbitosphenoid bones,
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Wible and Hopson 1993). The interor
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published a cladogram based on rece
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310-320 Ma. By this time, the great
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are forms such as Casea itself, var
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lakes and swamps in the low-lying l
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urrowing and subsisting on a diet o
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Eothyris Haptodus sphenacodontine B
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z (a) (c) a.pt.m. M B PO P P SQ P M
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(b) a.pt.m. temp.m. a.pt.m. temp.m.
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the dentary bone above the level of
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the therocephalian grade was not on
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A balance was also achieved in the
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Locomotion Ancestral amniote grade
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screw-shaped: the front part faces
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For the recovery phase, the relativ
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SC PRC p.i.f.i tr.min (c) dp.cr ect
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the therocephalian pelvis and hindl
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spc s.sp s.sp SC PRC (d) delt T AST
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no significant novelties to what ha
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(a) (c) (e) (g) D D ex. au.m C tym
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(a) (c) (d) PMX (f) V n.turb mx.tur
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ol.b (a) (b) cer.hem gorgonopsian t
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(a) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) a g
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cold stress, the part that usually
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conducted the experiment of wrappin
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mammals themselves that the enlarge
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elevation of maximum aerobic activi
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a mammal. The difficulty with all s
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collection, ingestion, and assimila
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were edaphosaurid and caseid pelyco
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CHAPTER 5 The Mesozoic mammals The
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(a) (d) AL condylar foramina are se
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evidence to relate the haramiyidans
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postcranial skeleton, and Graybeal
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side of the head can be in action a
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the lower molars is relatively high
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morganucodontan teeth. However, des
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adjacent lower molars. A small exte
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(a) (b) (d) P4 P4 Plagiaulax P4 Pau
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American Morrison Formation genus C
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a self-sharpening property. As the
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Page 172 and 173: pass through the birth canal. Relat
Page 174 and 175: (a) 1 (b) (d) me (c) me.d 3 styl st
Page 176 and 177: (a) (c) Henkelotherium Crusafontia
Page 178 and 179: pubis is excluded from the acetabul
Page 180 and 181: Cretaceous, (Aptian or Albian) of M
Page 182 and 183: eautifully preserved placentals fro
Page 184 and 185: subsequent specimens revealed that
Page 186 and 187: Minimal divergence of tribosphenida
Page 188 and 189: (c) (a) M 1 M 1 M 2 Steropodon M 2
Page 190 and 191: (b) (a) (c) pa.d pr.d me.d Ambondro
Page 192 and 193: crown-group therians) is accepted b
Page 194 and 195: form of the tooth, must reflect sub
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Page 198 and 199: mammals, by creating environmental
Page 200 and 201: the 11 species of marsupial, of whi
Page 202 and 203: (d) (a) pa A Dasyuromorphia B C pr
Page 204 and 205: earing two huge claws on digits thr
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Page 208 and 209: (b) (d) (a) Glasbius Alphadon (c) D
Page 210 and 211: elieved to be Late Cretaceous in ag
Page 212 and 213: (Fig. 6.5(c)). The dentition exhibi
Page 214 and 215: (d) Figure 6.6 (continued). Thylaco
Page 216 and 217: (a) (c) Caroloameghina and Procarol
Page 218 and 219: (a) (e) (d) Proargyrolagus Groeberi
Page 222 and 223: LIVING AND FOSSIL MARSUPIALS 211 M
Page 224 and 225: Extinct Notoryctemorphia At present
Page 226 and 227: (f) (g) Wakaleo Diprotodon optatum
Page 228 and 229: fossil mammals, which might help cl
Page 230 and 231: 30 40 50 60 Figure 6.13 Southern Go
Page 232 and 233: the Diprotodontia also included gen
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Page 236 and 237: effectively absent. However, increa
Page 238 and 239: Asioryctes (a) (b) (d) Cimolestes p
Page 240 and 241: and Prokennalestes, although it doe
Page 242 and 243: (a) Leptictidium Palaeoryctidans we
Page 244 and 245: (a) Purgatorius (c) are part of the
Page 246 and 247: (a) (d) (e) (g) Protoungulatum Meso
Page 248 and 249: (a) (f) (e) Hyopsodus Phenacodus (d
Page 250 and 251: Titanoides (pantodont) (a) (c) (b)
Page 252 and 253: (a) (b) (d) Trogosus (tillodont) Es
Page 254 and 255: Mioclaenus Paulacoutoia (didolodont
Page 256 and 257: their presence. The five orders may
Page 258 and 259: Xenungulata. Only two Late Palaeoce
Page 260 and 261: (a) (b) (d) (c) Oxyaena Patriofelis
Page 262 and 263: continuously growing, and form a gr
Page 264 and 265: navicular facet, 19 or more thoraci
Page 266 and 267: (a) (c) Phosphatherium Numidotheriu
Page 268 and 269: coexist with other characters that
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The salient feature of Widanelfasia
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1 (a) 1. Perissodactyla 2. Titanoth
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(a) (b) BUNODONTIA or SUIFORMES SUI
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time, which suggests that it was on
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condition. This particular combinat
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etween Primates, Dermoptera (colugo
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have postcranial adaptations for ar
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undoubtedly related at a supraordin
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indisputably to occur prior to the
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The Late Cretaceous mammal record i
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interordinal divergences in the Lat
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diversity on Earth (Janis 1993). Fu
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effect of the surrounding sea. Trop
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was high. It lasted from 5 to 3 Ma
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and thus remain in their preferred
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agreement about exactly when within
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References Abdala, F. Redescription
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Ax, P. 1987. The phylogenetic syste
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Bramble, D. M. 1978. Origin of the
Page 308 and 309:
Colbert, E.H. 1948. The mammal-like
Page 310 and 311:
Duvall, D. 1986. A new question of
Page 312 and 313:
Gow, C.E. 1980. The dentitions of t
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Ivakhnenko, M.F. 1990. The late Pal
Page 316 and 317:
Kemp, T.S. 1988a. A note on the Mes
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cladogenesis in dasyurid marsupials
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(eds) Evolution of Tertiary mammals
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McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997.
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(ed) The phylogeny and classificati
Page 326 and 327:
Ray, S. 2000.Endothiodont dicynodon
Page 328 and 329:
Rubidge, B.S., Kitching, J.W., and
Page 330 and 331:
Simpson, G.G. 1970. The Argyrolagid
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Thewissen, J.G.M. 1990. Evolution o
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Novacek, M.J., and McKenna, M.C. (e
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Index Note: Page numbers in italics
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Equoidea 262 Equus 262 Erethizon 28
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Overkill hypothesis 289, 290 Oxyaen
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Tulerpeton 14, 18 Tylopoda 264 Ukha
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

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