The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

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Index Note: Page numbers in italics denote illustration Abderites 205 Abderitidae 206 Abdounodus 236 Acanthostega 14, 15 Acrobatidae 216 Adapiformes 269, 271 Adelobasileus 138–40, 184 Aegialodon 167, 169 Aegialodontidae 167, 169 Aegyptopithecus 272 Aepyornis 289 aerobic capacity hypothesis 125–6 Aerosaurus 21, 22 Afrosoricida 257, 259 Afrotheria 224, 226, 238, 251–9, 275, 277, 279 cladogram 252 Allotheria 181 Allqokirus 203 Alphadon 196, 197 marshi 189 Ambondro 178, 180 dentition 179 Ambulocetus 265, 266 Ameridelphia 194, 198–208 Amniotes 3, 16, 17 evolution 18–9 feeding mechanism 90 skull 18 stem-group 16, 18 Amniotic egg 19 Amphibians 19 Amphilestes 150, 152 Amphilestidae 152 Amphitherium 167, 178 dentition 168 Anagale 232 Anagalida 231 Ancestral amniote grade feeding mechanism 90 locomotion 101 Andinodelphys 199, 203, 220 Andrewsarchus 235, 236 Ankotarinja 211, 212 Anningia 22 Anomaluridae 274 Anomocephalus 40, 41, 79, 80 Anomodontia 28, 35, 39–43 cranial characteristics 39 Antarctodolops 204, 206 Anteosaurus 37 skull 35, 36 Anthracotheriids 264 Anthracobunids 253 Anthropoidea 271–2 Antilocapra 264 Antilocapridae 264 Apatemyida 232 Apidium 271 Aquiladelphis 198 Archaeocetes 265 Archaeolambda 240 Archaeonycteris 268 Archaeopteropus 268 Archeothyris 3, 16, 17, 18, 22–3 Archonta 222 Arctocyon 234, 235 Arctocyonidae 234, 236 Arctostylopida 242 Argyrolagoidea 206 Argyrolagus 207 Arsinoitherium 254, 257 Artiocetus 265, 266 Artiodactyls 262–4, 265, 267 phylogeny 263 Arctognathus 53 Asfaltomylos 179, 180 Asiatherium 171, 172 Asioryctes 171, 227, 228 Asioryctida 228–9 Astrapotheria 245 Astrapotherium 243, 244, 245 Atokatheridium 174 Aulacephalodon 46, 49 Ausktribosphenos 171, 178, 180, 277 dentition 179 Australidelphia 194, 208–16 Australosphenida 169, 173, 178–80 dentition 179 Australosyodon 37 Austrotriconodon 150, 152 Avenantia 38 Badjcinus 211, 212 Baluchitherium 262 Barbourofelis 258, 259 Barinya 211, 212 Barunlestes 171, 229 skull 227 Barytherium 256 Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) 122 Basiliosaurus 265, 266 Batodon 268 tenuis 189 Bauria 58–9 Baurioidea 57, 59 Bemalambda 238, 240 Biarmosuchia 28, 31–33 Biarmosuchian grade feeding mechanism 94 Biarmosuchus 31, 32, 79, 80 Biseridens 33 Bishops 180 Bistius 173, 174 Bobbschaefferia 209 Bocatherium 70, 71 Bondesius 164, 166 Boreosphenida 161, 169, 178 Boreoeutheria 226, 277 Borhyaenoidea See Sparassodontia Branisella 271 Brasilitherium 73, 75, 76 Brasilodon 73, 75 Brithopia 36, 37 Brithopian Dinocephalia 28 Brontops 261 Brontotheres 260 325
326 INDEX Bugtilemur 271 Bulganbaatar 157, 159 Bunodontia 264 Burnetia 33, 38 Burnetiidae 33 Burramyidae 216 Buxolestes 231 Caenolestes 205 Caenolestidae 192, 206 Callistoe 202, 203 Camelidae 264 Caniformes 259–60 Cantius 269 Capybara 274 Carnivora 247–50, 259–60 Carodnia 243, 244, 247 Caroloameghina 204, 205 Carolopaulacoutia 205, 206 Carpolestes 233, 234, 269 Casea broilii 21, 22 rutena 21, 22 Caseasauria 20, 21, 22 Caseidae 20, 21, 22 Casineria 16 Catarrhini 272 Catopithecus 272 Cervidae 264 Cetacea 264–5 Cetartiodactyla 262 Chalicothere 262 Chalicotherium 261, 262 Chambilestes 259 Chambius 257 Chilicebus 271 Chiniquodon 66, 70 feeding mechanism 98 Chiniquodontidae 70 Chironectes 192 Chiroptera 268 Chriacus 235, 236 Chrysochlorida 259 Chrysochloris 224 Chulpasia 199 Chulsanbaatar 159, 160 Cimolestes 189, 228, 229 Cimolodonta 155 Cistecephalus 46, 48 Cistecephaloides 48 Cladosictis 202, 204 Cladotheria 161 Clelandina 54 Cocomys 273 Competitive exclusion hypothesis 184–5 Condylarthra 234–8, 257 carnivorous 236 herbivorous 236–8 correlated progression 133–4 Coryphodon 240 Cotylorhynchus hancocki 22 Creodonta 247–50 Cricodon 67 Crusafontia 165 Ctenacodon 155 Ctenadactyla 274 Cynocephalus 272 Cynognathidae 65, 67, 75–6 Cynognathus 65, 67 Cynodonts 60–75 characteristics 60 cladogram 77 interrelationships 75–80 Dasyuromorphia 192, 212 Dasyurus 212 Daouitherium 253, 255, 256 Deinotherium 255 Deltatheridium 173, 174 Deltatheroida 171–3 Deltatheroides 173, 174 Dermoptera 272 Dermotherium 272 Desmostylia 257 Diacodexis 262, 263, 267 Diadectomorphs 18 Diademodon 65, 67, 68 tooth replacement 121 Diademodontoidea 65, 67–9 Diarthrognathus 72, 73, 74 Dichobunidae 262 Dicroidium 86 Dicynodon 49, 50 trigonocephalus 45 Dicynodonts 43–52 evolutionary radiation 45–7 phylogeny 46 Didelphidae 196, 198 Didelphimorphia 191–2, 193, 199–201 dentition 200 skull 200 Didelphis 159, 160 virginiana 183, 191–2, 285 Didelphodon 197, 198 Didymoconidae 230 Diictodon 48 Diictodontoidea 48 Dimetrodon 24–5, 26 brain 118 feeding mechanism 92 locomotion 101, 103–5 Dinanomodon 49 Dinnetherium 146–7 Dinocephalia 30, 33–9 characteristics 34 cladogram 36 Dinocerata 240, 242 Diprotodon optatum 213, 214 Diprotodontia 193, 213 Diprotodontidae 213, 214 Djadochtatherioids 156–7 Djarthia 208, 209, 212, 219 Djilgaringa 214 Docodon 147, 148 Docodonta 147–9 Domnina 267, 268 Dromasauroidea 43 Dromiciops 194, 195, 196, 209, 210, 219 gliroides 192 Dryolestida 166–7 Dvinia 61, 62 East of Eden hypothesis 279–80 Echidna 1 Ecteninion 66, 70 Ectoconus 236, 237, 238 Edaphosauria 24 Edaphosauridae 24 Edaphosaurus 23, 24, 81 Edentata 222 Ektopodon 214 Ektopodontidae 216 Elephantosaurus 51 Elephantulus rufescens 224 Eleutherodon 139, 141 Elginerpeton 14 Elliotsmithia 21, 22 Elomeryx 263 Embrithopoda 257 Emydops 48 Enaliarctos 258, 260 endothermy 121–3, 124 mammals 128–9 synapsids 126–8 Endothiodontoidea 47 Ennatosaurus 22 Eodicynodon 43, 44, 45, 46, 79 Eomaia 169, 170, 183, 226, 274 Eomanis 267 Eorcytes 231 Eosimias 271 Eotalpa 267, 268 Eothyrididae 20, 21 Eothyris 17, 20, 90 Eotitanops 260 Eotitanosuchus 31, 33 Eozostrodon 142 Epicynodontia 62–4 Epidolops 204, 205 Epitheria 222
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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Preface This book arose from twin a
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For Mal /gosia with love and thanks
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Contents 1 Introduction The definit
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction There are ab
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transversely occluding molar teeth
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the Mesozoic mammals, is to do with
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a hierarchy of committees under the
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it means that a 200 Ma igneous rock
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een a more fundamental impact than
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Table 2.3 Classification of marsupi
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(a) (b) (c) humerus radius aquatic
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(a) Westlothiana Limnoscelis PO Wes
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the ankle bones to form an astragal
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(b) (c) (a) Casea rutena Casea broi
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(Fig. 3.2(f)), is actually an ophia
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the first one is enlarged, often to
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Even at their initial appearance in
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(a) Nikkasaurus (b) (d) Reiszia (e)
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Nikkasauridae The family Nikkasauri
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has figured large in discussions of
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(c) Figure 3.9 (continued). Syodon
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a mixture of progressively more spe
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animal with interdigitating, but no
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(e) (a) Anomocephalus Ulemica (b) S
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mandibulae musculature. This, as in
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To date the postcranial skeleton of
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ecognised four subgroups, based mai
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the presence of a deep, longitudina
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collected from the Lystrosaurus Ass
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(a) (d) (c) (b) Leontocephalus V PA
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(a) (c) Lycosuchus Oliveria (d) EVO
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separate families. Lycosuchidae (Fi
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consist of a large labial cusp and
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Procynosuchus (d) Procynosuchus (a)
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They constitute the monophyletic gr
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Although there is no mammal-like co
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Cynognathidae Cynognathus (Fig. 3.2
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(e) (f) Figure 3.22 (continued). Ma
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(c) (d) (a) (b) Kayentatherium EVOL
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Pachygenelus (e) (a) (c) Therioherp
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palatal, and orbitosphenoid bones,
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Wible and Hopson 1993). The interor
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published a cladogram based on rece
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310-320 Ma. By this time, the great
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are forms such as Casea itself, var
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lakes and swamps in the low-lying l
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urrowing and subsisting on a diet o
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Eothyris Haptodus sphenacodontine B
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z (a) (c) a.pt.m. M B PO P P SQ P M
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(b) a.pt.m. temp.m. a.pt.m. temp.m.
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the dentary bone above the level of
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the therocephalian grade was not on
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A balance was also achieved in the
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Locomotion Ancestral amniote grade
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screw-shaped: the front part faces
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For the recovery phase, the relativ
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SC PRC p.i.f.i tr.min (c) dp.cr ect
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the therocephalian pelvis and hindl
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spc s.sp s.sp SC PRC (d) delt T AST
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no significant novelties to what ha
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(a) (c) (e) (g) D D ex. au.m C tym
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(a) (c) (d) PMX (f) V n.turb mx.tur
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ol.b (a) (b) cer.hem gorgonopsian t
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(a) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) a g
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cold stress, the part that usually
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conducted the experiment of wrappin
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mammals themselves that the enlarge
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elevation of maximum aerobic activi
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a mammal. The difficulty with all s
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collection, ingestion, and assimila
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were edaphosaurid and caseid pelyco
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CHAPTER 5 The Mesozoic mammals The
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(a) (d) AL condylar foramina are se
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evidence to relate the haramiyidans
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postcranial skeleton, and Graybeal
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side of the head can be in action a
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the lower molars is relatively high
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morganucodontan teeth. However, des
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adjacent lower molars. A small exte
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(a) (b) (d) P4 P4 Plagiaulax P4 Pau
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American Morrison Formation genus C
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a self-sharpening property. As the
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near parasagittal gait (Fig. 5.11(e
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pass through the birth canal. Relat
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(a) 1 (b) (d) me (c) me.d 3 styl st
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(a) (c) Henkelotherium Crusafontia
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pubis is excluded from the acetabul
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Cretaceous, (Aptian or Albian) of M
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eautifully preserved placentals fro
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subsequent specimens revealed that
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Minimal divergence of tribosphenida
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(c) (a) M 1 M 1 M 2 Steropodon M 2
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(b) (a) (c) pa.d pr.d me.d Ambondro
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crown-group therians) is accepted b
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form of the tooth, must reflect sub
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of feasibility that a taxon of endo
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mammals, by creating environmental
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the 11 species of marsupial, of whi
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(d) (a) pa A Dasyuromorphia B C pr
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earing two huge claws on digits thr
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that contains the independent ances
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(b) (d) (a) Glasbius Alphadon (c) D
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elieved to be Late Cretaceous in ag
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(Fig. 6.5(c)). The dentition exhibi
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(d) Figure 6.6 (continued). Thylaco
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(a) (c) Caroloameghina and Procarol
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(a) (e) (d) Proargyrolagus Groeberi
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(a) (b) Djarthia Thylacotinga (c) (
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LIVING AND FOSSIL MARSUPIALS 211 M
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Extinct Notoryctemorphia At present
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(f) (g) Wakaleo Diprotodon optatum
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fossil mammals, which might help cl
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30 40 50 60 Figure 6.13 Southern Go
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the Diprotodontia also included gen
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1. Placentalia 2. Edentata 3. Epith
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effectively absent. However, increa
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Asioryctes (a) (b) (d) Cimolestes p
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and Prokennalestes, although it doe
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(a) Leptictidium Palaeoryctidans we
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(a) Purgatorius (c) are part of the
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(a) (d) (e) (g) Protoungulatum Meso
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(a) (f) (e) Hyopsodus Phenacodus (d
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Titanoides (pantodont) (a) (c) (b)
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(a) (b) (d) Trogosus (tillodont) Es
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Mioclaenus Paulacoutoia (didolodont
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their presence. The five orders may
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Xenungulata. Only two Late Palaeoce
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(a) (b) (d) (c) Oxyaena Patriofelis
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continuously growing, and form a gr
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navicular facet, 19 or more thoraci
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(a) (c) Phosphatherium Numidotheriu
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coexist with other characters that
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The salient feature of Widanelfasia
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1 (a) 1. Perissodactyla 2. Titanoth
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(a) (b) BUNODONTIA or SUIFORMES SUI
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time, which suggests that it was on
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condition. This particular combinat
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etween Primates, Dermoptera (colugo
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have postcranial adaptations for ar
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undoubtedly related at a supraordin
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Page 288 and 289: The Late Cretaceous mammal record i
Page 290 and 291: interordinal divergences in the Lat
Page 292 and 293: diversity on Earth (Janis 1993). Fu
Page 294 and 295: effect of the surrounding sea. Trop
Page 296 and 297: was high. It lasted from 5 to 3 Ma
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Page 300 and 301: agreement about exactly when within
Page 302 and 303: References Abdala, F. Redescription
Page 304 and 305: Ax, P. 1987. The phylogenetic syste
Page 306 and 307: Bramble, D. M. 1978. Origin of the
Page 308 and 309: Colbert, E.H. 1948. The mammal-like
Page 310 and 311: Duvall, D. 1986. A new question of
Page 312 and 313: Gow, C.E. 1980. The dentitions of t
Page 314 and 315: Ivakhnenko, M.F. 1990. The late Pal
Page 316 and 317: Kemp, T.S. 1988a. A note on the Mes
Page 318 and 319: cladogenesis in dasyurid marsupials
Page 320 and 321: (eds) Evolution of Tertiary mammals
Page 322 and 323: McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997.
Page 324 and 325: (ed) The phylogeny and classificati
Page 326 and 327: Ray, S. 2000.Endothiodont dicynodon
Page 328 and 329: Rubidge, B.S., Kitching, J.W., and
Page 330 and 331: Simpson, G.G. 1970. The Argyrolagid
Page 332 and 333: Thewissen, J.G.M. 1990. Evolution o
Page 334 and 335: Novacek, M.J., and McKenna, M.C. (e
Page 338 and 339: Equoidea 262 Equus 262 Erethizon 28
Page 340 and 341: Overkill hypothesis 289, 290 Oxyaen
Page 342: Tulerpeton 14, 18 Tylopoda 264 Ukha
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