The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

Recommendations

Info

Index Note: Page numbers in italics denote illustration Abderites 205 Abderitidae 206 Abdounodus 236 Acanthostega 14, 15 Acrobatidae 216 Adapiformes 269, 271 Adelobasileus 138–40, 184 Aegialodon 167, 169 Aegialodontidae 167, 169 Aegyptopithecus 272 Aepyornis 289 aerobic capacity hypothesis 125–6 Aerosaurus 21, 22 Afrosoricida 257, 259 Afrotheria 224, 226, 238, 251–9, 275, 277, 279 cladogram 252 Allotheria 181 Allqokirus 203 Alphadon 196, 197 marshi 189 Ambondro 178, 180 dentition 179 Ambulocetus 265, 266 Ameridelphia 194, 198–208 Amniotes 3, 16, 17 evolution 18–9 feeding mechanism 90 skull 18 stem-group 16, 18 Amniotic egg 19 Amphibians 19 Amphilestes 150, 152 Amphilestidae 152 Amphitherium 167, 178 dentition 168 Anagale 232 Anagalida 231 Ancestral amniote grade feeding mechanism 90 locomotion 101 Andinodelphys 199, 203, 220 Andrewsarchus 235, 236 Ankotarinja 211, 212 Anningia 22 Anomaluridae 274 Anomocephalus 40, 41, 79, 80 Anomodontia 28, 35, 39–43 cranial characteristics 39 Antarctodolops 204, 206 Anteosaurus 37 skull 35, 36 Anthracotheriids 264 Anthracobunids 253 Anthropoidea 271–2 Antilocapra 264 Antilocapridae 264 Apatemyida 232 Apidium 271 Aquiladelphis 198 Archaeocetes 265 Archaeolambda 240 Archaeonycteris 268 Archaeopteropus 268 Archeothyris 3, 16, 17, 18, 22–3 Archonta 222 Arctocyon 234, 235 Arctocyonidae 234, 236 Arctostylopida 242 Argyrolagoidea 206 Argyrolagus 207 Arsinoitherium 254, 257 Artiocetus 265, 266 Artiodactyls 262–4, 265, 267 phylogeny 263 Arctognathus 53 Asfaltomylos 179, 180 Asiatherium 171, 172 Asioryctes 171, 227, 228 Asioryctida 228–9 Astrapotheria 245 Astrapotherium 243, 244, 245 Atokatheridium 174 Aulacephalodon 46, 49 Ausktribosphenos 171, 178, 180, 277 dentition 179 Australidelphia 194, 208–16 Australosphenida 169, 173, 178–80 dentition 179 Australosyodon 37 Austrotriconodon 150, 152 Avenantia 38 Badjcinus 211, 212 Baluchitherium 262 Barbourofelis 258, 259 Barinya 211, 212 Barunlestes 171, 229 skull 227 Barytherium 256 Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) 122 Basiliosaurus 265, 266 Batodon 268 tenuis 189 Bauria 58–9 Baurioidea 57, 59 Bemalambda 238, 240 Biarmosuchia 28, 31–33 Biarmosuchian grade feeding mechanism 94 Biarmosuchus 31, 32, 79, 80 Biseridens 33 Bishops 180 Bistius 173, 174 Bobbschaefferia 209 Bocatherium 70, 71 Bondesius 164, 166 Boreosphenida 161, 169, 178 Boreoeutheria 226, 277 Borhyaenoidea See Sparassodontia Branisella 271 Brasilitherium 73, 75, 76 Brasilodon 73, 75 Brithopia 36, 37 Brithopian Dinocephalia 28 Brontops 261 Brontotheres 260 325
326 INDEX Bugtilemur 271 Bulganbaatar 157, 159 Bunodontia 264 Burnetia 33, 38 Burnetiidae 33 Burramyidae 216 Buxolestes 231 Caenolestes 205 Caenolestidae 192, 206 Callistoe 202, 203 Camelidae 264 Caniformes 259–60 Cantius 269 Capybara 274 Carnivora 247–50, 259–60 Carodnia 243, 244, 247 Caroloameghina 204, 205 Carolopaulacoutia 205, 206 Carpolestes 233, 234, 269 Casea broilii 21, 22 rutena 21, 22 Caseasauria 20, 21, 22 Caseidae 20, 21, 22 Casineria 16 Catarrhini 272 Catopithecus 272 Cervidae 264 Cetacea 264–5 Cetartiodactyla 262 Chalicothere 262 Chalicotherium 261, 262 Chambilestes 259 Chambius 257 Chilicebus 271 Chiniquodon 66, 70 feeding mechanism 98 Chiniquodontidae 70 Chironectes 192 Chiroptera 268 Chriacus 235, 236 Chrysochlorida 259 Chrysochloris 224 Chulpasia 199 Chulsanbaatar 159, 160 Cimolestes 189, 228, 229 Cimolodonta 155 Cistecephalus 46, 48 Cistecephaloides 48 Cladosictis 202, 204 Cladotheria 161 Clelandina 54 Cocomys 273 Competitive exclusion hypothesis 184–5 Condylarthra 234–8, 257 carnivorous 236 herbivorous 236–8 correlated progression 133–4 Coryphodon 240 Cotylorhynchus hancocki 22 Creodonta 247–50 Cricodon 67 Crusafontia 165 Ctenacodon 155 Ctenadactyla 274 Cynocephalus 272 Cynognathidae 65, 67, 75–6 Cynognathus 65, 67 Cynodonts 60–75 characteristics 60 cladogram 77 interrelationships 75–80 Dasyuromorphia 192, 212 Dasyurus 212 Daouitherium 253, 255, 256 Deinotherium 255 Deltatheridium 173, 174 Deltatheroida 171–3 Deltatheroides 173, 174 Dermoptera 272 Dermotherium 272 Desmostylia 257 Diacodexis 262, 263, 267 Diadectomorphs 18 Diademodon 65, 67, 68 tooth replacement 121 Diademodontoidea 65, 67–9 Diarthrognathus 72, 73, 74 Dichobunidae 262 Dicroidium 86 Dicynodon 49, 50 trigonocephalus 45 Dicynodonts 43–52 evolutionary radiation 45–7 phylogeny 46 Didelphidae 196, 198 Didelphimorphia 191–2, 193, 199–201 dentition 200 skull 200 Didelphis 159, 160 virginiana 183, 191–2, 285 Didelphodon 197, 198 Didymoconidae 230 Diictodon 48 Diictodontoidea 48 Dimetrodon 24–5, 26 brain 118 feeding mechanism 92 locomotion 101, 103–5 Dinanomodon 49 Dinnetherium 146–7 Dinocephalia 30, 33–9 characteristics 34 cladogram 36 Dinocerata 240, 242 Diprotodon optatum 213, 214 Diprotodontia 193, 213 Diprotodontidae 213, 214 Djadochtatherioids 156–7 Djarthia 208, 209, 212, 219 Djilgaringa 214 Docodon 147, 148 Docodonta 147–9 Domnina 267, 268 Dromasauroidea 43 Dromiciops 194, 195, 196, 209, 210, 219 gliroides 192 Dryolestida 166–7 Dvinia 61, 62 East of Eden hypothesis 279–80 Echidna 1 Ecteninion 66, 70 Ectoconus 236, 237, 238 Edaphosauria 24 Edaphosauridae 24 Edaphosaurus 23, 24, 81 Edentata 222 Ektopodon 214 Ektopodontidae 216 Elephantosaurus 51 Elephantulus rufescens 224 Eleutherodon 139, 141 Elginerpeton 14 Elliotsmithia 21, 22 Elomeryx 263 Embrithopoda 257 Emydops 48 Enaliarctos 258, 260 endothermy 121–3, 124 mammals 128–9 synapsids 126–8 Endothiodontoidea 47 Ennatosaurus 22 Eodicynodon 43, 44, 45, 46, 79 Eomaia 169, 170, 183, 226, 274 Eomanis 267 Eorcytes 231 Eosimias 271 Eotalpa 267, 268 Eothyrididae 20, 21 Eothyris 17, 20, 90 Eotitanops 260 Eotitanosuchus 31, 33 Eozostrodon 142 Epicynodontia 62–4 Epidolops 204, 205 Epitheria 222
Page 2 and 3:
The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
Page 4 and 5:
The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
Page 6 and 7:
Preface This book arose from twin a
Page 8 and 9:
For Mal /gosia with love and thanks
Page 10 and 11:
Contents 1 Introduction The definit
Page 12 and 13:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction There are ab
Page 14 and 15:
transversely occluding molar teeth
Page 16 and 17:
the Mesozoic mammals, is to do with
Page 18 and 19:
a hierarchy of committees under the
Page 20 and 21:
it means that a 200 Ma igneous rock
Page 22 and 23:
een a more fundamental impact than
Page 24 and 25:
Table 2.3 Classification of marsupi
Page 26 and 27:
(a) (b) (c) humerus radius aquatic
Page 28 and 29:
(a) Westlothiana Limnoscelis PO Wes
Page 30 and 31:
the ankle bones to form an astragal
Page 32 and 33:
(b) (c) (a) Casea rutena Casea broi
Page 34 and 35:
(Fig. 3.2(f)), is actually an ophia
Page 36 and 37:
the first one is enlarged, often to
Page 38 and 39:
Even at their initial appearance in
Page 40 and 41:
(a) Nikkasaurus (b) (d) Reiszia (e)
Page 42 and 43:
Nikkasauridae The family Nikkasauri
Page 44 and 45:
has figured large in discussions of
Page 46 and 47:
(c) Figure 3.9 (continued). Syodon
Page 48 and 49:
a mixture of progressively more spe
Page 50 and 51:
animal with interdigitating, but no
Page 52 and 53:
(e) (a) Anomocephalus Ulemica (b) S
Page 54 and 55:
mandibulae musculature. This, as in
Page 56 and 57:
To date the postcranial skeleton of
Page 58 and 59:
ecognised four subgroups, based mai
Page 60 and 61:
the presence of a deep, longitudina
Page 62 and 63:
collected from the Lystrosaurus Ass
Page 64 and 65:
(a) (d) (c) (b) Leontocephalus V PA
Page 66 and 67:
(a) (c) Lycosuchus Oliveria (d) EVO
Page 68 and 69:
separate families. Lycosuchidae (Fi
Page 70 and 71:
consist of a large labial cusp and
Page 72 and 73:
Procynosuchus (d) Procynosuchus (a)
Page 74 and 75:
They constitute the monophyletic gr
Page 76 and 77:
Although there is no mammal-like co
Page 78 and 79:
Cynognathidae Cynognathus (Fig. 3.2
Page 80 and 81:
(e) (f) Figure 3.22 (continued). Ma
Page 82 and 83:
(c) (d) (a) (b) Kayentatherium EVOL
Page 84 and 85:
Pachygenelus (e) (a) (c) Therioherp
Page 86 and 87:
palatal, and orbitosphenoid bones,
Page 88 and 89:
Wible and Hopson 1993). The interor
Page 90 and 91:
published a cladogram based on rece
Page 92 and 93:
310-320 Ma. By this time, the great
Page 94 and 95:
are forms such as Casea itself, var
Page 96 and 97:
lakes and swamps in the low-lying l
Page 98 and 99:
urrowing and subsisting on a diet o
Page 100 and 101:
Eothyris Haptodus sphenacodontine B
Page 102 and 103:
z (a) (c) a.pt.m. M B PO P P SQ P M
Page 104 and 105:
(b) a.pt.m. temp.m. a.pt.m. temp.m.
Page 106 and 107:
the dentary bone above the level of
Page 108 and 109:
the therocephalian grade was not on
Page 110 and 111:
A balance was also achieved in the
Page 112 and 113:
Locomotion Ancestral amniote grade
Page 114 and 115:
screw-shaped: the front part faces
Page 116 and 117:
For the recovery phase, the relativ
Page 118 and 119:
SC PRC p.i.f.i tr.min (c) dp.cr ect
Page 120 and 121:
the therocephalian pelvis and hindl
Page 122 and 123:
spc s.sp s.sp SC PRC (d) delt T AST
Page 124 and 125:
no significant novelties to what ha
Page 126 and 127:
(a) (c) (e) (g) D D ex. au.m C tym
Page 128 and 129:
(a) (c) (d) PMX (f) V n.turb mx.tur
Page 130 and 131:
ol.b (a) (b) cer.hem gorgonopsian t
Page 132 and 133:
(a) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) a g
Page 134 and 135:
cold stress, the part that usually
Page 136 and 137:
conducted the experiment of wrappin
Page 138 and 139:
mammals themselves that the enlarge
Page 140 and 141:
elevation of maximum aerobic activi
Page 142 and 143:
a mammal. The difficulty with all s
Page 144 and 145:
collection, ingestion, and assimila
Page 146 and 147:
were edaphosaurid and caseid pelyco
Page 148 and 149:
CHAPTER 5 The Mesozoic mammals The
Page 150 and 151:
(a) (d) AL condylar foramina are se
Page 152 and 153:
evidence to relate the haramiyidans
Page 154 and 155:
postcranial skeleton, and Graybeal
Page 156 and 157:
side of the head can be in action a
Page 158 and 159:
the lower molars is relatively high
Page 160 and 161:
morganucodontan teeth. However, des
Page 162 and 163:
adjacent lower molars. A small exte
Page 164 and 165:
(a) (b) (d) P4 P4 Plagiaulax P4 Pau
Page 166 and 167:
American Morrison Formation genus C
Page 168 and 169:
a self-sharpening property. As the
Page 170 and 171:
near parasagittal gait (Fig. 5.11(e
Page 172 and 173:
pass through the birth canal. Relat
Page 174 and 175:
(a) 1 (b) (d) me (c) me.d 3 styl st
Page 176 and 177:
(a) (c) Henkelotherium Crusafontia
Page 178 and 179:
pubis is excluded from the acetabul
Page 180 and 181:
Cretaceous, (Aptian or Albian) of M
Page 182 and 183:
eautifully preserved placentals fro
Page 184 and 185:
subsequent specimens revealed that
Page 186 and 187:
Minimal divergence of tribosphenida
Page 188 and 189:
(c) (a) M 1 M 1 M 2 Steropodon M 2
Page 190 and 191:
(b) (a) (c) pa.d pr.d me.d Ambondro
Page 192 and 193:
crown-group therians) is accepted b
Page 194 and 195:
form of the tooth, must reflect sub
Page 196 and 197:
of feasibility that a taxon of endo
Page 198 and 199:
mammals, by creating environmental
Page 200 and 201:
the 11 species of marsupial, of whi
Page 202 and 203:
(d) (a) pa A Dasyuromorphia B C pr
Page 204 and 205:
earing two huge claws on digits thr
Page 206 and 207:
that contains the independent ances
Page 208 and 209:
(b) (d) (a) Glasbius Alphadon (c) D
Page 210 and 211:
elieved to be Late Cretaceous in ag
Page 212 and 213:
(Fig. 6.5(c)). The dentition exhibi
Page 214 and 215:
(d) Figure 6.6 (continued). Thylaco
Page 216 and 217:
(a) (c) Caroloameghina and Procarol
Page 218 and 219:
(a) (e) (d) Proargyrolagus Groeberi
Page 220 and 221:
(a) (b) Djarthia Thylacotinga (c) (
Page 222 and 223:
LIVING AND FOSSIL MARSUPIALS 211 M
Page 224 and 225:
Extinct Notoryctemorphia At present
Page 226 and 227:
(f) (g) Wakaleo Diprotodon optatum
Page 228 and 229:
fossil mammals, which might help cl
Page 230 and 231:
30 40 50 60 Figure 6.13 Southern Go
Page 232 and 233:
the Diprotodontia also included gen
Page 234 and 235:
1. Placentalia 2. Edentata 3. Epith
Page 236 and 237:
effectively absent. However, increa
Page 238 and 239:
Asioryctes (a) (b) (d) Cimolestes p
Page 240 and 241:
and Prokennalestes, although it doe
Page 242 and 243:
(a) Leptictidium Palaeoryctidans we
Page 244 and 245:
(a) Purgatorius (c) are part of the
Page 246 and 247:
(a) (d) (e) (g) Protoungulatum Meso
Page 248 and 249:
(a) (f) (e) Hyopsodus Phenacodus (d
Page 250 and 251:
Titanoides (pantodont) (a) (c) (b)
Page 252 and 253:
(a) (b) (d) Trogosus (tillodont) Es
Page 254 and 255:
Mioclaenus Paulacoutoia (didolodont
Page 256 and 257:
their presence. The five orders may
Page 258 and 259:
Xenungulata. Only two Late Palaeoce
Page 260 and 261:
(a) (b) (d) (c) Oxyaena Patriofelis
Page 262 and 263:
continuously growing, and form a gr
Page 264 and 265:
navicular facet, 19 or more thoraci
Page 266 and 267:
(a) (c) Phosphatherium Numidotheriu
Page 268 and 269:
coexist with other characters that
Page 270 and 271:
The salient feature of Widanelfasia
Page 272 and 273:
1 (a) 1. Perissodactyla 2. Titanoth
Page 274 and 275:
(a) (b) BUNODONTIA or SUIFORMES SUI
Page 276 and 277:
time, which suggests that it was on
Page 278 and 279:
condition. This particular combinat
Page 280 and 281:
etween Primates, Dermoptera (colugo
Page 282 and 283:
have postcranial adaptations for ar
Page 284 and 285:
undoubtedly related at a supraordin
Page 286 and 287: indisputably to occur prior to the
Page 288 and 289: The Late Cretaceous mammal record i
Page 290 and 291: interordinal divergences in the Lat
Page 292 and 293: diversity on Earth (Janis 1993). Fu
Page 294 and 295: effect of the surrounding sea. Trop
Page 296 and 297: was high. It lasted from 5 to 3 Ma
Page 298 and 299: and thus remain in their preferred
Page 300 and 301: agreement about exactly when within
Page 302 and 303: References Abdala, F. Redescription
Page 304 and 305: Ax, P. 1987. The phylogenetic syste
Page 306 and 307: Bramble, D. M. 1978. Origin of the
Page 308 and 309: Colbert, E.H. 1948. The mammal-like
Page 310 and 311: Duvall, D. 1986. A new question of
Page 312 and 313: Gow, C.E. 1980. The dentitions of t
Page 314 and 315: Ivakhnenko, M.F. 1990. The late Pal
Page 316 and 317: Kemp, T.S. 1988a. A note on the Mes
Page 318 and 319: cladogenesis in dasyurid marsupials
Page 320 and 321: (eds) Evolution of Tertiary mammals
Page 322 and 323: McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997.
Page 324 and 325: (ed) The phylogeny and classificati
Page 326 and 327: Ray, S. 2000.Endothiodont dicynodon
Page 328 and 329: Rubidge, B.S., Kitching, J.W., and
Page 330 and 331: Simpson, G.G. 1970. The Argyrolagid
Page 332 and 333: Thewissen, J.G.M. 1990. Evolution o
Page 334 and 335: Novacek, M.J., and McKenna, M.C. (e
Page 338 and 339: Equoidea 262 Equus 262 Erethizon 28
Page 340 and 341: Overkill hypothesis 289, 290 Oxyaen
Page 342: Tulerpeton 14, 18 Tylopoda 264 Ukha
show all

The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?