The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

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(a) (c) Phosphatherium Numidotherium (e) (f) Moeritherium (b) (d) LIVING AND FOSSIL PLACENTALS 255 Daouitherium Deinotherium Gomphotherium Figure 7.17 Proboscideans. (a) Phosphatherium upper cheel teeth in occlusal view. Length of fragment approx. 6 cm (Gheerbrant et al. 1996). (b) Daouitherium lower dentition in occlusal view, and lower jaw in lateral view. Length of jaw fragment approx. 14 cm (Gheerbrant et al. 2002). (c) Skull and lower jaw of Numidotherium. Length of lower jaw approx. 45 cm (Mahboubi et al. 1986). (d) Deinotherium. Skull length approx. 45 cm. (e) Moeritherium. Skull length approx. 33 cm. (f) Gomphotherium. Skull length approx. 75 cm (d–f from Romer 1966).
256 THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAMMALS animal, known from the lower jaw and dentition, plus a possible upper premolar (Gheerbrant et al. 2002). As far as can be judged, the dentition is similar to that of Phosphatherium, and both resemble a slightly younger, but much more completely preserved Algerian proboscidean. This is Numidotherium (Fig. 7.17(c)), which is represented by skull and postcranial skeleton specimens (Mahboubi et al. 1984, 1986; Court 1995). It is small for a proboscidean, with a height of about 1 m, but has the relatively large head with pneumatised bones, nostrils high up on the head, and graviportal limbs characteristic of the order. One of the lower incisors and the canine were lost, and the second upper incisors are the largest, and therefore can be interpreted as incipient tusks. The molar teeth are large and, like the Moroccan genera, bilophodont. The next oldest fossil proboscideans occur in the Fayum and other Late Eocene localities of North Africa, of which Moeritherium (Fig. 7.17(e)) is the best known Like Numidotherium, it too has enlarged second incisors and bilophodont molar teeth. It was the size of a large pig and the long body, reduced tail and short, stout limbs suggest that it was a semiaquatic, hippo-like animal. It has actually been proposed that it is not a proboscidean at all, but a relative of the Sirenia, or even the extinct Desmostylia, both of which are partially or fully aquatic mammals (Coppens and Beden 1978). Barytherium is a second, less well-known proboscidean from the Fayum. It was far larger, as much as 4 tonnes in weight, and standing 3 m at the shoulder. Palaeomastodon is a third member of the Fayum fauna. It possessed well-developed tusks, no trace of canines, very large molars with three complex lophs and thin enamel, and an extremely elongated symphysis connecting the relatively short lower jaws. With one exception, a hypothetical Oligocene ancestral form resembling Palaeomastodon is believed to have given rise to the subsequent proboscidean radiation in Africa (Tassy 1996; Shoshani et al. 1996). The exception are the deinotheres (Fig. 7.17(d)), large animals that are first known in the Late Oligocene of Ethiopia (Kappelman et al. 2003). They possess primitive molar teeth with only two or three simple lophs, and thin enamel. The tusks, uniquely, consist of the pair of lower incisors extending ventrally, due to a downward reflection of the symphyseal region of the lower jaws. Deinotheres probably evolved directly from a primitive, Moeritherium-like ancestor. During the Late Eocene and through the Oligocene, proboscideans were restricted to Afro-Arabia. In the Middle Miocene, tectonic movement of the Arabian peninsula created a connection across the Tethys Sea between Africa and Eurasia, and at least three proboscidean taxa crossed what has been termed the ‘Gomphothere Land Bridge’ (Agustí and Antón 2002). The elephantoid Gomphotherium (Fig. 7.17(f)), the mammutid Zygolophodon, and the deinotheriid Deinotherium (Fig. 7.17(d)) all appeared in various parts of Eurasia in the mid Miocene. The former two also reached North America at this time, from which moment the elephants radiated to become a significant part of the large herbivorous mammalian fauna of that continent. Gomphotheres also briefly existed in South America, after the formation of the Panamanian land bridge in the Plio-Pleistocene. Sirenia The first fossil remains of the dugongs and manatees come from the Early Eocene of Europe, and by the Late Eocene this fully aquatic, herbivorous group had a virtually worldwide distribution, including the shores of Africa, Asia, North America, and more doubtfully South America (Fischer and Tassy 1993; Domning 2002b). Prorastomus from Jamaica is the most primitive fossil skull of a sirenian (Savage et al. 1994). It has, surprisingly, five rather than the usual four premolars, which is presumably a secondary reversion rather than retention of the tooth formula of the Cretaceous ancestors of placentals. The molars are bilophodont and therefore comparable to those of early proboscideans. It lacked the characteristic ventral deflection of the rostrum found in all more progressive sirenians. The postcranial skeleton of Prorastomus is unknown, but that of a similar, slightly younger Jamaican form, the Middle Eocene Pezosiren (Fig. 7.16(c)), is represented by an almost complete set of postcranial bones (Domning 2001). It was about 2 m in length and had a relatively uncompressed neck, unlike later sirenians. Several characters of the postcranial skeleton indicate that Pezosiren was capable of terrestrial locomotion, such as tall neural spines on the anterior dorsal vertebrae for head support, a strong connection between the sacral vertebrae and ilium, and well built though relatively short limbs. These
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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Preface This book arose from twin a
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For Mal /gosia with love and thanks
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Contents 1 Introduction The definit
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction There are ab
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transversely occluding molar teeth
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the Mesozoic mammals, is to do with
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a hierarchy of committees under the
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it means that a 200 Ma igneous rock
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een a more fundamental impact than
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Table 2.3 Classification of marsupi
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(a) (b) (c) humerus radius aquatic
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(a) Westlothiana Limnoscelis PO Wes
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the ankle bones to form an astragal
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(b) (c) (a) Casea rutena Casea broi
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(Fig. 3.2(f)), is actually an ophia
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the first one is enlarged, often to
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Even at their initial appearance in
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(a) Nikkasaurus (b) (d) Reiszia (e)
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Nikkasauridae The family Nikkasauri
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has figured large in discussions of
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(c) Figure 3.9 (continued). Syodon
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a mixture of progressively more spe
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animal with interdigitating, but no
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(e) (a) Anomocephalus Ulemica (b) S
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mandibulae musculature. This, as in
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To date the postcranial skeleton of
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ecognised four subgroups, based mai
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the presence of a deep, longitudina
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collected from the Lystrosaurus Ass
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(a) (d) (c) (b) Leontocephalus V PA
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(a) (c) Lycosuchus Oliveria (d) EVO
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separate families. Lycosuchidae (Fi
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consist of a large labial cusp and
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Procynosuchus (d) Procynosuchus (a)
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They constitute the monophyletic gr
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Although there is no mammal-like co
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Cynognathidae Cynognathus (Fig. 3.2
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(e) (f) Figure 3.22 (continued). Ma
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(c) (d) (a) (b) Kayentatherium EVOL
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Pachygenelus (e) (a) (c) Therioherp
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palatal, and orbitosphenoid bones,
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Wible and Hopson 1993). The interor
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published a cladogram based on rece
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310-320 Ma. By this time, the great
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are forms such as Casea itself, var
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lakes and swamps in the low-lying l
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urrowing and subsisting on a diet o
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Eothyris Haptodus sphenacodontine B
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z (a) (c) a.pt.m. M B PO P P SQ P M
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(b) a.pt.m. temp.m. a.pt.m. temp.m.
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the dentary bone above the level of
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the therocephalian grade was not on
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A balance was also achieved in the
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Locomotion Ancestral amniote grade
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screw-shaped: the front part faces
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For the recovery phase, the relativ
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SC PRC p.i.f.i tr.min (c) dp.cr ect
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the therocephalian pelvis and hindl
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spc s.sp s.sp SC PRC (d) delt T AST
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no significant novelties to what ha
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(a) (c) (e) (g) D D ex. au.m C tym
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(a) (c) (d) PMX (f) V n.turb mx.tur
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ol.b (a) (b) cer.hem gorgonopsian t
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(a) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) a g
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cold stress, the part that usually
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conducted the experiment of wrappin
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mammals themselves that the enlarge
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elevation of maximum aerobic activi
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a mammal. The difficulty with all s
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collection, ingestion, and assimila
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were edaphosaurid and caseid pelyco
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CHAPTER 5 The Mesozoic mammals The
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(a) (d) AL condylar foramina are se
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evidence to relate the haramiyidans
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postcranial skeleton, and Graybeal
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side of the head can be in action a
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the lower molars is relatively high
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morganucodontan teeth. However, des
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adjacent lower molars. A small exte
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(a) (b) (d) P4 P4 Plagiaulax P4 Pau
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American Morrison Formation genus C
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a self-sharpening property. As the
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near parasagittal gait (Fig. 5.11(e
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pass through the birth canal. Relat
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(a) 1 (b) (d) me (c) me.d 3 styl st
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(a) (c) Henkelotherium Crusafontia
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pubis is excluded from the acetabul
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Cretaceous, (Aptian or Albian) of M
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eautifully preserved placentals fro
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subsequent specimens revealed that
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Minimal divergence of tribosphenida
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(c) (a) M 1 M 1 M 2 Steropodon M 2
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(b) (a) (c) pa.d pr.d me.d Ambondro
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crown-group therians) is accepted b
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form of the tooth, must reflect sub
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of feasibility that a taxon of endo
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mammals, by creating environmental
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the 11 species of marsupial, of whi
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(d) (a) pa A Dasyuromorphia B C pr
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earing two huge claws on digits thr
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that contains the independent ances
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(b) (d) (a) Glasbius Alphadon (c) D
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elieved to be Late Cretaceous in ag
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(Fig. 6.5(c)). The dentition exhibi
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(d) Figure 6.6 (continued). Thylaco
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Page 218 and 219: (a) (e) (d) Proargyrolagus Groeberi
Page 220 and 221: (a) (b) Djarthia Thylacotinga (c) (
Page 222 and 223: LIVING AND FOSSIL MARSUPIALS 211 M
Page 224 and 225: Extinct Notoryctemorphia At present
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Page 236 and 237: effectively absent. However, increa
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Page 248 and 249: (a) (f) (e) Hyopsodus Phenacodus (d
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Page 252 and 253: (a) (b) (d) Trogosus (tillodont) Es
Page 254 and 255: Mioclaenus Paulacoutoia (didolodont
Page 256 and 257: their presence. The five orders may
Page 258 and 259: Xenungulata. Only two Late Palaeoce
Page 260 and 261: (a) (b) (d) (c) Oxyaena Patriofelis
Page 262 and 263: continuously growing, and form a gr
Page 264 and 265: navicular facet, 19 or more thoraci
Page 268 and 269: coexist with other characters that
Page 270 and 271: The salient feature of Widanelfasia
Page 272 and 273: 1 (a) 1. Perissodactyla 2. Titanoth
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Page 276 and 277: time, which suggests that it was on
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Page 280 and 281: etween Primates, Dermoptera (colugo
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Page 288 and 289: The Late Cretaceous mammal record i
Page 290 and 291: interordinal divergences in the Lat
Page 292 and 293: diversity on Earth (Janis 1993). Fu
Page 294 and 295: effect of the surrounding sea. Trop
Page 296 and 297: was high. It lasted from 5 to 3 Ma
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Page 300 and 301: agreement about exactly when within
Page 302 and 303: References Abdala, F. Redescription
Page 304 and 305: Ax, P. 1987. The phylogenetic syste
Page 306 and 307: Bramble, D. M. 1978. Origin of the
Page 308 and 309: Colbert, E.H. 1948. The mammal-like
Page 310 and 311: Duvall, D. 1986. A new question of
Page 312 and 313: Gow, C.E. 1980. The dentitions of t
Page 314 and 315: Ivakhnenko, M.F. 1990. The late Pal
Page 316 and 317:
Kemp, T.S. 1988a. A note on the Mes
Page 318 and 319:
cladogenesis in dasyurid marsupials
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(eds) Evolution of Tertiary mammals
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McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997.
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(ed) The phylogeny and classificati
Page 326 and 327:
Ray, S. 2000.Endothiodont dicynodon
Page 328 and 329:
Rubidge, B.S., Kitching, J.W., and
Page 330 and 331:
Simpson, G.G. 1970. The Argyrolagid
Page 332 and 333:
Thewissen, J.G.M. 1990. Evolution o
Page 334 and 335:
Novacek, M.J., and McKenna, M.C. (e
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Index Note: Page numbers in italics
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Equoidea 262 Equus 262 Erethizon 28
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Overkill hypothesis 289, 290 Oxyaen
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Tulerpeton 14, 18 Tylopoda 264 Ukha
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

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