The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

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Kemp, T.S. 1988a. A note on the Mesozoic mammals. In M.J. Benton (ed) The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, Vol. 2: Mammals. Oxford University Press: Oxford, pp. 23–29. Kemp, T.S. 1988b. Haemothermia or Archosauria? The interrelationships of mammals, birds and crocodiles. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 92: 67–104. Kemp, T.S. 1988c. Interrelationships of the Synapsida. In M.J. Benton (ed) The phylgeny and classification of the tetrapods, Vol.2: Mammals. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 23–29. Kemp, T.S. 1999. Fossils and evolution. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Kent, D.V., Cramer, B.S., Lanci, L., Wang, D., Wright, J.D., and Van der Voo, R. 2003. A case for a comet impact trigger for the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum and carbon isotope excursion. Earth Planet. Lett. 211: 13–26. Kermack, K.A. and Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 1971. Therian and non-therian mammals. In D.M. Kermack and K.A.Kermack (eds) Early mammals. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 50(Suppl. 1) 103–115. Kermack, K.A., Lees, P.M., and Mussett, F. 1965. Aegialodon dawsoni, a new trituberculosectorial tooth from the Lower Wealden. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B162: 535–554. Kermack, D.M., Kermack, K.A., and Mussett, F. 1968. The Welsh pantothere Kuehneotherium praecursoris. J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 53: 87–175. Kermack, K.A., Mussett, F., and Rigney, H.W. 1973. The lower jaw of Morganucodon. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 53: 86–175. Kermack, K.A., Musett, F., and Rigney, H.W. 1981. The skull of Morganucodon. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 1–158. Kermack, K. A., Kermack, D.M., Lees, P. M., and Mills, J.R.E. 1998. New multituberculate-like teeth from the Middle Jurassic of England. Acta Paleontol. Pol. 43: 581–606. Keyser, A.W. and Cruickshank, A.R.I. 1979. The origins and classification of Triassic dicynodonts. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 82: 81–108. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 1975. Evolution of the therian mammals in the Late Cretaceous of Asia. Part I. Deltatheriidae. Palaeontol. Pol. 33: 103–132. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 1977. Evolution of therian mammals in the Late Cretaceous of Asia. Part II. Postcranial skeleton in Kennalestes and Asioryctes. Results of the Polish-Mongolian palaeontological expeditions, Part VII. Palaontol. Pol. 37: 55–83. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 1978. Evolution of the therian mammals in the late Cretaceous of Asia. Part III. Postcranial skeleton in Zalambdalestidae. Palaeontol. Pol. 38: 5–41. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 1979. Pelvic structure and nature of reproduction in Multituberculata. Nature 277: 402–403. REFERENCES 305 Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 1981. Evolution of the therian mammals in the Late Cretaceous of Asia. Part IV. Skull structure in Kennalestes and Asioryctes. Palaeontol. Pol. 42: 25–78. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 1983. Multituberculate endocranial casts. Palaeovertebrata 13: 1–12. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 1984a. Evolution of the therian mammals in the Late Cretaceous of Asia. Part VII. Synopsis. Palaeontol. Pol. 46: 173–183. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 1984b. Evolution of the therian mammals in the Late Cretaceous of Asia. Part VI. Endocranial casts of eutherian mammals. Palaeontol. Pol. 46: 157–171. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 1986. Brain evolution in Mesozoic mammals. Contrib.Geol.Univ.Wyom. Spec. Pap. 3: 21–34. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 1989. Postcranial skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 34: 75–85. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 1997. Characters of multituberculates neglected in phylogenetic analyses of early mammals. Lethaia 29: 249–266. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Bonaparte, J.F. 1996. Partial dentary of a multituberculate mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina and its taxonomic implications. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ e Instituto Naciolal de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, Nueva Serie 145: 1–9. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Cifelli, R. L. 2001. Primitive boreosphenidan mammal (?Deltatheroidea) from the Early Cretaceous of Oklahoma. Acta. Palaeontol. Pol. 46: 377–391. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Dashzeveg, D. 1989. Eutherian mammals from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. Zool. Script. 18: 347–355. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Dashzeveg, D. 1998. New Early Cretaceous amphilestid (‘triconodont’) mammals from Mongolia. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 43: 413–438. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Gambaryan, P.D. 1994. Postcranial anatomy and habits of Asian multituberculate mammals. Fossil. Strat. 36: 1–92. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Hurum, J.H. 1997. Djadochtatheria—a new suborder of multituberculate mammals. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 42: 201–242. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Hurum, J.H. 2001. Phylogeny and systematics of multituberculate mammals. Palaeontology 44: 389–429. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Nessov, L.A. 1990. On the metatherian nature of the Deltatheroidea, a sister group of the Marsupialia. Lethaia 23: 1–10. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Nessov, L.A. 1992. Multituberculate mammals from the Cretaceous of Uzbekistan. Acta Palaeont. Pol. 37: 1–17.
306 REFERENCES Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Qi, T. 1990. Fossorial adaptations of a taeniolabidoid multituberculate from Eocene of China. Vert. PalAs. 28: 81–94. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Bown, T.M., and Lillegraven, J.A. 1979a. Eutheria. In J.A.Lillegraven, Z. Kielan- Jaworowska and W.A. Clemens (eds) Mesozoic mammals: the first two-thirds of mammalian history. California University Press: Berkeley, pp. 221–276. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Eaton, J.G., and Bown, T.M. 1979b. Theria of the metatherian–eutherian grade. In J.A. Lillegraven, Z. Kielan-Jaworowska and W.A. Clemens (eds) Mesozoic mammals: the first two-thirds of mammalian history. University of California Press: Berkeley, pp. 182–191. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Presley, R., and Poplin, C. 1986. The cranial vascular system in taeniolabidoid multituberculate mammals. Phil. Trans.R. Soc. B313: 525–602. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Crompton, A.W., and Jenkins, F.A. Jr 1987. The origin of egg-laying mammals. Nature 326: 871–873. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R.L., and Luo, Z.-X. 1998. Alleged Cretaceous placental from down under. Lethaia 31: 267–268. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Novacek, M.J., Trofimov, B.A., and Dashzeveg, D. 2000. Mammals from the Mesozoic of Mongolia. In M.J. Benton, M.A. Shishkin, D.M. Unwin, and E.N. Kurochkin (eds) The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 573–626. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R.L., and Luo, Z.-X. 2002. Dentition and relationships of the Jurassic mammal Shuotherium. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 47: 479–486. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R.L., and Luo, Z.-X. 2004. Mammals from the age of dinosaurs: origins, evolution, and structure. Columbia University Press: New York. Killian, K.J., Buckley, T.R., Stewart, N., Munday, B.L., and Jirtle, R.L. 2001. Marsupials and eutherians reunited:genetic evidence for the Theria hypothesis of mammalian evolution. Mamm Genome 12: 513–517. King, G.M. 1981a. The functional anatomy of a Permian dicynodont. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B291: 243–322. King, G.M. 1981b. The postcranial skeleton of Robertia broomiana, an early dicynodont (Reptilia: Therapsida) from the South African Karroo. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 84: 203–231. King, G.M. 1983. First mammal-like reptile from Australia. Nature 306: 209. King, G.M. 1985. The postcranial skeleton of Kingoria nowacki (von Huene) (Therapsida: Dicynodontia). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 84: 263–289. King, G.M. 1988. Anomodontia. Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 17C. Gustav Fischer Verlag: Stuttgart. King, G.M. 1990. The dicynodonts: a study in palaeobiology. Chapman and Hall: London. King, G.M. 1991. The aquatic Lystrosaurus: a palaeontological myth. Hist. Biol. 4: 285–321. King, G.M. 1994. The early anomodont Venjukovia and the evolution of the anomodont skull. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 232: 651–673. King, G.M. and Cluver, M.A. 1991. The aquatic Lystrosaurus: an alternative lifestyle. Hist. Biol. 4: 323–341. King, G.M. and Jenkins, I. 1997. The dicynodont Lystrosaurus from the Upper Permian of Zambia: evolutionary and stratigraphical implications. Palaeontology 40: 149–156. King, G.M. and Rubidge, B.S. 1993. A taxonomic revision of small dicynodonts with postcanine teeth. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 107: 131–154. King, G.M., Oelofson, B.W., and Rubidge, B.S. 1989. The evolution of the dicynodont feeding system. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 96: 185–211. Kirk, E.C., Cartmill, M. Kay, R.F., and Lemelin, P. 2003. Comment on ‘Grasping primate origins’. Science 300: 741b. Kirsch, J.A. 1977. The comparative serology of Marsupialia and a classification of marsupials. Aust. J. Zool. 38: (Suppl.) 1–152. Kirsch, J.A., Dickerman, A.W., Reig, O.A., and Springer, M.S. 1991. DNA hybridization evidence for the Australasian affinity of the American marsupial Dromiciops australis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88: 10465–10469. Kitching, I.J., Forey, P.L., Humphries, C.J., and Williams, D.M. 1998. Cladistics: the theory and practice of parsimony analysis. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Koenigswald, W. von 1980. Das skelett eines Pantolestide (Proteutheria, Mamm.) aus dem mittleren Eozän von Messel bei Darmstadt. Paläontol. J. 54: 267–287. Koenigswald, W. von and Storch, G. 1992. The marsupials: inconspicuous opossums. In S. Schaal and W. Zeigler (eds) Messel: an insight into the history of life and of the Earth. Clarendon Press: Oxford, pp. 159–78 Koenigswald, W. von, Rensberger, J.M., and Pfretzschner, H.U. 1987. Change in the tooth enamel of early Paleocene mammals allowed increased diet diversity. Nature 328: 150–152. Koenigswald, W. von, Storch, G., and Richter, G. 1992. Primitive insectivores, extraordinary hedgehogs, and long fingers. In S. Schaal and W. Ziegler (eds) Messel: an insight into the history of life and of the Earth. Oxford University Press: Oxford, pp. 159–178. Koteja, P. 2000. Energy assimilation, parental care and the evolution of endothermy. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B267: 479–484. Krajewski, C., Wroe, S., and Westerman, M. 2000. Molecular evidence for the pattern and timing of
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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Preface This book arose from twin a
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For Mal /gosia with love and thanks
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Contents 1 Introduction The definit
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction There are ab
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transversely occluding molar teeth
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the Mesozoic mammals, is to do with
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a hierarchy of committees under the
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it means that a 200 Ma igneous rock
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een a more fundamental impact than
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Table 2.3 Classification of marsupi
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(a) (b) (c) humerus radius aquatic
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(a) Westlothiana Limnoscelis PO Wes
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the ankle bones to form an astragal
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(b) (c) (a) Casea rutena Casea broi
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(Fig. 3.2(f)), is actually an ophia
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the first one is enlarged, often to
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Even at their initial appearance in
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(a) Nikkasaurus (b) (d) Reiszia (e)
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Nikkasauridae The family Nikkasauri
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has figured large in discussions of
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(c) Figure 3.9 (continued). Syodon
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a mixture of progressively more spe
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animal with interdigitating, but no
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(e) (a) Anomocephalus Ulemica (b) S
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mandibulae musculature. This, as in
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To date the postcranial skeleton of
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ecognised four subgroups, based mai
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the presence of a deep, longitudina
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collected from the Lystrosaurus Ass
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(a) (d) (c) (b) Leontocephalus V PA
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(a) (c) Lycosuchus Oliveria (d) EVO
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separate families. Lycosuchidae (Fi
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consist of a large labial cusp and
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Procynosuchus (d) Procynosuchus (a)
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They constitute the monophyletic gr
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Although there is no mammal-like co
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Cynognathidae Cynognathus (Fig. 3.2
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(e) (f) Figure 3.22 (continued). Ma
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(c) (d) (a) (b) Kayentatherium EVOL
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Pachygenelus (e) (a) (c) Therioherp
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palatal, and orbitosphenoid bones,
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Wible and Hopson 1993). The interor
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published a cladogram based on rece
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310-320 Ma. By this time, the great
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are forms such as Casea itself, var
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lakes and swamps in the low-lying l
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urrowing and subsisting on a diet o
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Eothyris Haptodus sphenacodontine B
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z (a) (c) a.pt.m. M B PO P P SQ P M
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(b) a.pt.m. temp.m. a.pt.m. temp.m.
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the dentary bone above the level of
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the therocephalian grade was not on
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A balance was also achieved in the
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Locomotion Ancestral amniote grade
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screw-shaped: the front part faces
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For the recovery phase, the relativ
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SC PRC p.i.f.i tr.min (c) dp.cr ect
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the therocephalian pelvis and hindl
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spc s.sp s.sp SC PRC (d) delt T AST
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no significant novelties to what ha
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(a) (c) (e) (g) D D ex. au.m C tym
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(a) (c) (d) PMX (f) V n.turb mx.tur
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ol.b (a) (b) cer.hem gorgonopsian t
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(a) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) a g
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cold stress, the part that usually
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conducted the experiment of wrappin
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mammals themselves that the enlarge
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elevation of maximum aerobic activi
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a mammal. The difficulty with all s
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collection, ingestion, and assimila
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were edaphosaurid and caseid pelyco
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CHAPTER 5 The Mesozoic mammals The
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(a) (d) AL condylar foramina are se
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evidence to relate the haramiyidans
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postcranial skeleton, and Graybeal
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side of the head can be in action a
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the lower molars is relatively high
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morganucodontan teeth. However, des
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adjacent lower molars. A small exte
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(a) (b) (d) P4 P4 Plagiaulax P4 Pau
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American Morrison Formation genus C
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a self-sharpening property. As the
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near parasagittal gait (Fig. 5.11(e
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pass through the birth canal. Relat
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(a) 1 (b) (d) me (c) me.d 3 styl st
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(a) (c) Henkelotherium Crusafontia
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pubis is excluded from the acetabul
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Cretaceous, (Aptian or Albian) of M
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eautifully preserved placentals fro
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subsequent specimens revealed that
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Minimal divergence of tribosphenida
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(c) (a) M 1 M 1 M 2 Steropodon M 2
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(b) (a) (c) pa.d pr.d me.d Ambondro
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crown-group therians) is accepted b
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form of the tooth, must reflect sub
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of feasibility that a taxon of endo
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mammals, by creating environmental
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the 11 species of marsupial, of whi
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(d) (a) pa A Dasyuromorphia B C pr
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earing two huge claws on digits thr
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that contains the independent ances
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(b) (d) (a) Glasbius Alphadon (c) D
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elieved to be Late Cretaceous in ag
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(Fig. 6.5(c)). The dentition exhibi
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(d) Figure 6.6 (continued). Thylaco
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(a) (c) Caroloameghina and Procarol
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(a) (e) (d) Proargyrolagus Groeberi
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(a) (b) Djarthia Thylacotinga (c) (
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LIVING AND FOSSIL MARSUPIALS 211 M
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Extinct Notoryctemorphia At present
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(f) (g) Wakaleo Diprotodon optatum
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fossil mammals, which might help cl
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30 40 50 60 Figure 6.13 Southern Go
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the Diprotodontia also included gen
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1. Placentalia 2. Edentata 3. Epith
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effectively absent. However, increa
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Asioryctes (a) (b) (d) Cimolestes p
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and Prokennalestes, although it doe
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(a) Leptictidium Palaeoryctidans we
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(a) Purgatorius (c) are part of the
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(a) (d) (e) (g) Protoungulatum Meso
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(a) (f) (e) Hyopsodus Phenacodus (d
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Titanoides (pantodont) (a) (c) (b)
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(a) (b) (d) Trogosus (tillodont) Es
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Mioclaenus Paulacoutoia (didolodont
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their presence. The five orders may
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Xenungulata. Only two Late Palaeoce
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(a) (b) (d) (c) Oxyaena Patriofelis
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continuously growing, and form a gr
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navicular facet, 19 or more thoraci
Page 266 and 267: (a) (c) Phosphatherium Numidotheriu
Page 268 and 269: coexist with other characters that
Page 270 and 271: The salient feature of Widanelfasia
Page 272 and 273: 1 (a) 1. Perissodactyla 2. Titanoth
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Page 276 and 277: time, which suggests that it was on
Page 278 and 279: condition. This particular combinat
Page 280 and 281: etween Primates, Dermoptera (colugo
Page 282 and 283: have postcranial adaptations for ar
Page 284 and 285: undoubtedly related at a supraordin
Page 286 and 287: indisputably to occur prior to the
Page 288 and 289: The Late Cretaceous mammal record i
Page 290 and 291: interordinal divergences in the Lat
Page 292 and 293: diversity on Earth (Janis 1993). Fu
Page 294 and 295: effect of the surrounding sea. Trop
Page 296 and 297: was high. It lasted from 5 to 3 Ma
Page 298 and 299: and thus remain in their preferred
Page 300 and 301: agreement about exactly when within
Page 302 and 303: References Abdala, F. Redescription
Page 304 and 305: Ax, P. 1987. The phylogenetic syste
Page 306 and 307: Bramble, D. M. 1978. Origin of the
Page 308 and 309: Colbert, E.H. 1948. The mammal-like
Page 310 and 311: Duvall, D. 1986. A new question of
Page 312 and 313: Gow, C.E. 1980. The dentitions of t
Page 314 and 315: Ivakhnenko, M.F. 1990. The late Pal
Page 318 and 319: cladogenesis in dasyurid marsupials
Page 320 and 321: (eds) Evolution of Tertiary mammals
Page 322 and 323: McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997.
Page 324 and 325: (ed) The phylogeny and classificati
Page 326 and 327: Ray, S. 2000.Endothiodont dicynodon
Page 328 and 329: Rubidge, B.S., Kitching, J.W., and
Page 330 and 331: Simpson, G.G. 1970. The Argyrolagid
Page 332 and 333: Thewissen, J.G.M. 1990. Evolution o
Page 334 and 335: Novacek, M.J., and McKenna, M.C. (e
Page 336 and 337: Index Note: Page numbers in italics
Page 338 and 339: Equoidea 262 Equus 262 Erethizon 28
Page 340 and 341: Overkill hypothesis 289, 290 Oxyaen
Page 342: Tulerpeton 14, 18 Tylopoda 264 Ukha
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