The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

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Overkill hypothesis 289, 290 Oxyaena 248, 249 Oxyaenidae 248, 250 Pachygenelus 72, 73, 74, 75 feeding mechanism 100 Pachyrukhos 246 Paenungulata 222, 252–3 Pakicetus 265, 266 Palaeanodonta 247 Palaeoamasia 254 Palaeomastodon 256 Palaeoryctida 229–30 Palaeotheriidae 260 Palaeotherium 262 Paleoparadoxia 254, 257 Paleothyris 16 Palorchestes 213 Palorchestidae 213 Pantodonta 238, 239, 240 Pantolestida 231 Pappictidops 247, 250 Pappotherium 173, 174 Parabradyosaurus 30 Paraceratherium 262 Parageogale 259 Paramys 273 parental provision hypothesis 126 Pariadens 196 Parictis 260 Pascualgnathus 69 Patagonia 208 Patene 203 Patriofelis 249 Patriomanis 268 Patronomodon 40, 41, 79 Paucituberculata 192, 204–8 Paucitubulidentata 194 Paulacoutoia 243 Paulchoffatia 153, 154 Paurodontidae 166 Pediomyidae 198 Pediomys 197, 198 Pelycosaurs 19–26, 27 feeding mechanism 90, 92 forelimb musculature 102 hindlimb musculature 105 jaw musculature 91 palaeoecology 80–3 phylogeny 20 Peradectes 199, 201 Peramelemorphia 193, 212 Peramus 161, 178 dentition 167, 168 Periptychids 236 Perissodactyla 260–2 cladogram 261 Perrodelphys 206 Petauridae 216 Pezosiren 254, 256 Phalanger 206 Phalangeridae 216 Phanerozoic stratigraphy chart 10 Phascolotherium 152 Phascolarctidae 216 Phenacodontidae 238, 260 Phenacodus 237, 238 Phenacolophids 260 Pholidota 222, 267–8 Phorusrhacus 218 Phosphatherium 253, 255 Phthinosuchus 29, 30 Phyllophaga 251 Physiological constraints hypothesis 185–6 Pilgrimella 252 Pilkipildridae 216 Pinnipedia 260 Placentals 1, 169–71, 173 Cretaceous radiation 274–9 Divergent dates 275 Eocene radiation 280–3 fossil record incompleteness of 275 interrelationships 222–226 Miocene radiation 283–4 Molecular phylogeny 224–226 Palaeocene radiation 279–80 Pleistocene radiation 284–90 reproduction 190 Placerias 52 Plagiaulacida 154 Plagiaulacoidea 154 Plagiaulax 153 Plagiomene 272 Platycraniellus 63, 64 Platyrrini 271 Plesiadapiformes 232–4, 269 Plesiadapis 233, 234 Plesiorycteropus 257, 289 Polydolopoids 204, 206 Polydolops 204, 206 Preadaptation definition 16 Primates 269–72 phylogeny 270 Priscileo 213 Pristerodon 49 Pristinictis 249, 250 Pristerodontoidea 48–51 Pristerognathidae 56, 57 Pristerognathus 55 Pristinictis 247 Proailurus 258, 259 Proargyrolagus 207 Probainognathia 66, 69–70 Probainognathus 70, 78 brain 119 skull 66 Probelesodon 70 Proborhyaena 204 Proboscidea 252, 253, 255-6 Proburnetia 32, 33 Proconsul 272 Procynosuchia 60–2 Procynosuchian grade feeding mechanism 95, 97 Procynosuchus 60–2, 64, 75 brain 119 feeding mechanism 95, 97 jaw musculature 96 locomotion 110 Prodesmatochoerus 263 Prodinoceros 240, 241 Prokennalestes 169, 170, 228 Prolicaphrium 243 Proliopithecoidea 272 Prorastomus 256 Prosimians 269, 271 Proteopithecus 271 Prostegotherium 250 Prothylacinus 203, 204 Protictis 249 Protoclepsydrops 16 Protorothyridids 16, 18 Protorothyris 17 Protoungulatum 230, 234, 235 Prozostrodon 74 Ptilodontoidea 154, 155 Ptilodus brain 160 dentition 155–6 locomotion 158 skull 153 Pucadelphys 199, 200, 201, 203 Pucanodus 242 Purgatorius 189, 232–3 Pyrotheria 242, 245 Pyrotherium 243, 244 Radinskya 260, 261 Radiocarbon dating 7 Radiometric dating 7, 9 Ragnarok 236 Ravenictis 247, 250 Regisaurid 56 Regisaurus 57 Reigitherium 147 Reiszia 29 Repenomamus 152 INDEX 329
330 INDEX Rhinocerotoids 262 Rhopaladonta 30 Riebeekosaurus 38 Riograndia 73, 74 Roberthoffsteteria nationalgeographica 204 Robertia 44, 45, 48 Rodentia 273–4 Rodhocetus 265, 266 Rubidgeinae 52 Ruminantia 264 Rusconodon 69 Saharagalago 271 Sarcophilus 212 Scaloposaurs 57 Scalaposaurus 58 Scandentia 272–3 Scylacosauridae 57 Secodontosaurus 25, 26 Selenodontia 264 Seymourids 18 Shansiodon 51 Shuotherium 166, 178 Siamopithecus 271 Sillustania 199 Sinclairella 232 Sinoconodon 3, 141–2, 145, 180, 183 growth and development 121 skull 141 tooth replacement 121 Sinodelphys 171, 172, 216, 274 Sinognathus 64 Sinomylus 273 Sinopa 249, 250 Sirenia 251, 256 Smilodon 259 Solendon 268 Solenodontidae 268 Soricidae 268 Spalacotherium 163–4 Sparassocynidae 201 Sparassocynus 200, 201 Sparassodontia 201–4 Sphenacodon 25, 26 Sphenacodontia 24–6 feeding mechanism 92–3 locomotion 101 Sphenacodontidae 20, 26 Therapsids common characteristics 27 Sphenacodontine grade feeding mechanism 92–3 Stagodontidae 198 Stahleckeria 50, 51 Stahleckeriines 51–2 Steropodon 176, 177, 178, 180 Strepsirhini 269, 271 Struthiocephalus 36 Stylinodon 238, 239 Styracocephalus 36, 38 Sudamerica 152, 153, 154 Suidae 264 Suiformes 264 Suminia 41, 42 Symmetrodonta 162–4, 166 Synapsida 9, 16, 19, 88 characteristics 19 cladogram 89 classification 11, 12 definition 1 palaeoecology 80–3 Syodon 35 Szalinia 199 Tachyglossus 174 Taeniodonta 238, 239 Taeniolabidoidea 154 Talpidae 268 Tapinocephalidae 38 Tapinocephalus 38 Tapiroids 262 Tarsipedidae 216 Tarsius 271 Tayassuidae 264 Teilhardina 269 Teinolophos 176, 177, 180 Tenrecida 259 thermoregulation 124 Tethytheria 222 Tetraceratops 27–8, 30, 83 Tetragonius 50, 51 Tetrapods 14–6, 18 evolution 14–16 terrestrial adaptation 15, 19 Therapsida 26–75 cladogram 78 extinction 84–7 interrelationships 78–80 jaw musculature 93 limb function 107 palaeoecology 83–4 Sphenacodontidae similar characteristics 27 Theria 2, 162 Theriodontia 79 Theriognathus 57, 58 Therioherpeton 73, 74–5, 76 Theriomorpha 2 Theriiformes 2 Theroteinus 139, 141 Therocephalia 30, 56–9 characteristics 56 jaw mechanism 59 locomotion 59 Therocephalian grade feeding mechanism 94–5 Thoatherium 244 Thomasia 139, 140 Thrinaxodon 63, 64, 65, 70, 75, 86 feeding mechanism 96, 97–8 locomotion 110 Thylacinidae 212 Thylacinus 212 cynocephalus 192 Thylacoleo 213 carnifex 215 Thylacoleonidae 213 Thylacosmilus 203, 204, 286 Thylacotinga 208–9 Thyrohyrax 253 Tillodonta 240 Timescale chronometric 7–8 chronostatic 6–7 geological 6, 8 Tingamarra 208–9 Tinodon 163, 166 Titanoides 239 Titanophoneus 34, 36, 37, 79 Titanosuchia 36, 37–8 Toxodon 245, 246, 286 Traversodontidae 65, 67 Traversodontoides 59 Trechnotheria 161 Tribosphenic tooth 3, 173, 178 Tribosphenida 161, 167, 169–73 minor groups 173 phylogeny 175 Tribosphenomys 273 Tribotherium 169, 174, 228 Triconodon 150, 151, 152 brain 119, 120 Triconodonta 150–2 Triisodontids 236 Trinity Theria 173 Trirachodon 67 Tritheledonta 66, 72, 77 Tritheledontian grade feeding mechanism 100 locomotion 112 Tritylodontid grade feeding mechanism 100 locomotion 112 Tritylodontidae 66, 70, 76–7 Trogosus 240, 241 Tubulidentata 222, 257
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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Preface This book arose from twin a
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For Mal /gosia with love and thanks
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Contents 1 Introduction The definit
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction There are ab
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transversely occluding molar teeth
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the Mesozoic mammals, is to do with
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a hierarchy of committees under the
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it means that a 200 Ma igneous rock
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een a more fundamental impact than
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Table 2.3 Classification of marsupi
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(a) (b) (c) humerus radius aquatic
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(a) Westlothiana Limnoscelis PO Wes
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the ankle bones to form an astragal
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(b) (c) (a) Casea rutena Casea broi
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(Fig. 3.2(f)), is actually an ophia
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the first one is enlarged, often to
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Even at their initial appearance in
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(a) Nikkasaurus (b) (d) Reiszia (e)
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Nikkasauridae The family Nikkasauri
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has figured large in discussions of
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(c) Figure 3.9 (continued). Syodon
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a mixture of progressively more spe
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animal with interdigitating, but no
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(e) (a) Anomocephalus Ulemica (b) S
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mandibulae musculature. This, as in
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To date the postcranial skeleton of
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ecognised four subgroups, based mai
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the presence of a deep, longitudina
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collected from the Lystrosaurus Ass
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(a) (d) (c) (b) Leontocephalus V PA
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(a) (c) Lycosuchus Oliveria (d) EVO
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separate families. Lycosuchidae (Fi
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consist of a large labial cusp and
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Procynosuchus (d) Procynosuchus (a)
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They constitute the monophyletic gr
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Although there is no mammal-like co
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Cynognathidae Cynognathus (Fig. 3.2
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(e) (f) Figure 3.22 (continued). Ma
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(c) (d) (a) (b) Kayentatherium EVOL
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Pachygenelus (e) (a) (c) Therioherp
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palatal, and orbitosphenoid bones,
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Wible and Hopson 1993). The interor
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published a cladogram based on rece
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310-320 Ma. By this time, the great
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are forms such as Casea itself, var
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lakes and swamps in the low-lying l
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urrowing and subsisting on a diet o
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Eothyris Haptodus sphenacodontine B
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z (a) (c) a.pt.m. M B PO P P SQ P M
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(b) a.pt.m. temp.m. a.pt.m. temp.m.
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the dentary bone above the level of
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the therocephalian grade was not on
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A balance was also achieved in the
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Locomotion Ancestral amniote grade
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screw-shaped: the front part faces
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For the recovery phase, the relativ
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SC PRC p.i.f.i tr.min (c) dp.cr ect
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the therocephalian pelvis and hindl
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spc s.sp s.sp SC PRC (d) delt T AST
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no significant novelties to what ha
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(a) (c) (e) (g) D D ex. au.m C tym
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(a) (c) (d) PMX (f) V n.turb mx.tur
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ol.b (a) (b) cer.hem gorgonopsian t
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(a) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) a g
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cold stress, the part that usually
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conducted the experiment of wrappin
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mammals themselves that the enlarge
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elevation of maximum aerobic activi
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a mammal. The difficulty with all s
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collection, ingestion, and assimila
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were edaphosaurid and caseid pelyco
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CHAPTER 5 The Mesozoic mammals The
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(a) (d) AL condylar foramina are se
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evidence to relate the haramiyidans
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postcranial skeleton, and Graybeal
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side of the head can be in action a
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the lower molars is relatively high
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morganucodontan teeth. However, des
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adjacent lower molars. A small exte
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(a) (b) (d) P4 P4 Plagiaulax P4 Pau
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American Morrison Formation genus C
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a self-sharpening property. As the
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near parasagittal gait (Fig. 5.11(e
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pass through the birth canal. Relat
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(a) 1 (b) (d) me (c) me.d 3 styl st
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(a) (c) Henkelotherium Crusafontia
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pubis is excluded from the acetabul
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Cretaceous, (Aptian or Albian) of M
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eautifully preserved placentals fro
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subsequent specimens revealed that
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Minimal divergence of tribosphenida
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(c) (a) M 1 M 1 M 2 Steropodon M 2
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(b) (a) (c) pa.d pr.d me.d Ambondro
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crown-group therians) is accepted b
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form of the tooth, must reflect sub
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of feasibility that a taxon of endo
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mammals, by creating environmental
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the 11 species of marsupial, of whi
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(d) (a) pa A Dasyuromorphia B C pr
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earing two huge claws on digits thr
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that contains the independent ances
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(b) (d) (a) Glasbius Alphadon (c) D
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elieved to be Late Cretaceous in ag
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(Fig. 6.5(c)). The dentition exhibi
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(d) Figure 6.6 (continued). Thylaco
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(a) (c) Caroloameghina and Procarol
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(a) (e) (d) Proargyrolagus Groeberi
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(a) (b) Djarthia Thylacotinga (c) (
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LIVING AND FOSSIL MARSUPIALS 211 M
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Extinct Notoryctemorphia At present
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(f) (g) Wakaleo Diprotodon optatum
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fossil mammals, which might help cl
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30 40 50 60 Figure 6.13 Southern Go
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the Diprotodontia also included gen
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1. Placentalia 2. Edentata 3. Epith
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effectively absent. However, increa
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Asioryctes (a) (b) (d) Cimolestes p
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and Prokennalestes, although it doe
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(a) Leptictidium Palaeoryctidans we
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(a) Purgatorius (c) are part of the
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(a) (d) (e) (g) Protoungulatum Meso
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(a) (f) (e) Hyopsodus Phenacodus (d
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Titanoides (pantodont) (a) (c) (b)
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(a) (b) (d) Trogosus (tillodont) Es
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Mioclaenus Paulacoutoia (didolodont
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their presence. The five orders may
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Xenungulata. Only two Late Palaeoce
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(a) (b) (d) (c) Oxyaena Patriofelis
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continuously growing, and form a gr
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navicular facet, 19 or more thoraci
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(a) (c) Phosphatherium Numidotheriu
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coexist with other characters that
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The salient feature of Widanelfasia
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1 (a) 1. Perissodactyla 2. Titanoth
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(a) (b) BUNODONTIA or SUIFORMES SUI
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time, which suggests that it was on
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condition. This particular combinat
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etween Primates, Dermoptera (colugo
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have postcranial adaptations for ar
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undoubtedly related at a supraordin
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indisputably to occur prior to the
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The Late Cretaceous mammal record i
Page 290 and 291: interordinal divergences in the Lat
Page 292 and 293: diversity on Earth (Janis 1993). Fu
Page 294 and 295: effect of the surrounding sea. Trop
Page 296 and 297: was high. It lasted from 5 to 3 Ma
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Page 300 and 301: agreement about exactly when within
Page 302 and 303: References Abdala, F. Redescription
Page 304 and 305: Ax, P. 1987. The phylogenetic syste
Page 306 and 307: Bramble, D. M. 1978. Origin of the
Page 308 and 309: Colbert, E.H. 1948. The mammal-like
Page 310 and 311: Duvall, D. 1986. A new question of
Page 312 and 313: Gow, C.E. 1980. The dentitions of t
Page 314 and 315: Ivakhnenko, M.F. 1990. The late Pal
Page 316 and 317: Kemp, T.S. 1988a. A note on the Mes
Page 318 and 319: cladogenesis in dasyurid marsupials
Page 320 and 321: (eds) Evolution of Tertiary mammals
Page 322 and 323: McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997.
Page 324 and 325: (ed) The phylogeny and classificati
Page 326 and 327: Ray, S. 2000.Endothiodont dicynodon
Page 328 and 329: Rubidge, B.S., Kitching, J.W., and
Page 330 and 331: Simpson, G.G. 1970. The Argyrolagid
Page 332 and 333: Thewissen, J.G.M. 1990. Evolution o
Page 334 and 335: Novacek, M.J., and McKenna, M.C. (e
Page 336 and 337: Index Note: Page numbers in italics
Page 338 and 339: Equoidea 262 Equus 262 Erethizon 28
Page 342: Tulerpeton 14, 18 Tylopoda 264 Ukha
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