The Origin and Evolution of Mammals - Moodle

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Table 2.3 Classification of marsupials MARSUPIALIA AMERIDELPHIA † Kokopellia † Stagonodontidae † Pediomyidae † Glasbiidae Didelphimorphia Didelphidae † Sparassocynidae Sparassodontia † Mayulestidae † Borhyaenidae Paucituberculata † Caroloameghinoidea † Polydolopoidea Caenolestoidea † Argyrolagoidea AUSTRALIDELPHIA Microbiotheria † Yalkaparidontia Peramelemorphia Dasyuromorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia † extinct taxa TIME AND CLASSIFICATION 13 Table 2.4 Classification of the orders of living mammals Based on the molecular analysis of Murphy et al. (2001b) PLACENTALIA AFROTHERIA Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Paenungulata Proboscidea Hyracoidea Sirenia Afrosoricida Tenreca Chrysochlorida XENARTHRA Xenarthra BOREOEUTHERIA LAURASIATHERIA Cetartiodactyla Perissodactyla Carnivora Chiroptera Eulipotyphla EUARCHONTOGLIRES Glires Rodentia Lagomorpha Euarchonta Primates Dermoptera Scandentia
CHAPTER 3 Evolution of the mammal-like reptiles Mammals, along with the biologically remarkably similar birds, are the vertebrates that are most completely adapted to the physiological rigours of the terrestrial environment. Whilst all the terrestrial dwelling tetrapods can operate in the absence of the buoyancy effect of water, and can use the gaseous oxygen available, mammals have in addition evolved a highly sophisticated ability to regulate precisely the internal temperature and chemical composition of their bodies in the face of the extremes of fluctuating temperature and the dehydrating conditions of dry land. From this perspective, the origin of mammalian biology may be said to have commenced with the emergence of primitive tetrapods onto land around 370 Ma, in the Upper Devonian. The vertebrate conquest of land: origin of the Amniota Until the 1990s, the only Devonian tetrapod at all well known was Ichthyostega from east Greenland (Fig. 3.1(c)), as described by Jarvik (e.g. Jarvik 1980, 1996). Famous for its combination of primitive fishlike characters such as the lateral line canals, bony rays supporting a tail fin, and remnants of the opercular bones, with fully tetrapod characters such as the loss of the gills and opercular cover, robust ribcage, and of course large feet with digits, Ichthyostega provided more or less all the fossil information there was relating to the transition from a hypothetical rhipidistian fish to a tetrapod. Subsequently, however, an ever-increasing number of other Upper Devonian tetrapods have been described, and the emerging picture of the origin of vertebrate terrestriality has become more complicated and surprising (Ahlberg and Milner 1994; Clack 2002). The earliest forms are Upper Frasnian in age, and include Elginerpeton from the Scottish locality of Scat Craig (Ahlberg 1995, 1998). So far known only from a few bones of the limbs and jaws, Elginerpeton adds little detail to the understanding of the evolution of tetrapods except to demonstrate that the process had commenced at least 10 million years prior to the existence of Ichthyostega. The next oldest tetrapods are Fammenian in age and include Ichthyostega, and a second east Greenland form, Acanthostega (Fig. 3.1(a and b)), which has been described in great detail (Coates and Clack 1990, 1991; Coates 1996). This genus has proved to be very surprising because, despite being of the same age and apparently living in the same habitat as Ichthyostega, it was evidently not adapted for actual terrestrial life. In common with Ichthyostega, enclosed lateral line canals and a fishlike tail were present, but furthermore, a full set of ossified gill bars covered by a bony operculum was still present. The limbs, while certainly tetrapodal in lacking fin rays, were relatively short, stubby, and bore eight digits, and could not possibly have supported the weight of the animal out of water. Given its more basal cladistic position compared to Ichthyostega and all later tetrapods, the anatomy of both the limbs and the gills of Acanthostega led to the proposal that the tetrapod limb originally evolved as a specialised organ for aquatic locomotion. Indeed, Coates and Clack (1995) suggested that the whole Devonian tetrapod radiation including not only Acanthostega, but also Ichthyostega and the possible basal amniote Tulerpeton (Lebedev and Coates 1995) were entirely aquatic animals. Support for this idea has recently come from the discovery that Ichthyostega does in fact also possess gill bars, and has a unique ear structure designed for hearing under water rather than in air (Clack et al. 2003). This view is consistent with the argument, put forward by Janis and Farmer (1999), that a primarily 14
Page 2 and 3: The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
Page 4 and 5: The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
Page 6 and 7: Preface This book arose from twin a
Page 8 and 9: For Mal /gosia with love and thanks
Page 10 and 11: Contents 1 Introduction The definit
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 1 Introduction There are ab
Page 14 and 15: transversely occluding molar teeth
Page 16 and 17: the Mesozoic mammals, is to do with
Page 18 and 19: a hierarchy of committees under the
Page 20 and 21: it means that a 200 Ma igneous rock
Page 22 and 23: een a more fundamental impact than
Page 26 and 27: (a) (b) (c) humerus radius aquatic
Page 28 and 29: (a) Westlothiana Limnoscelis PO Wes
Page 30 and 31: the ankle bones to form an astragal
Page 32 and 33: (b) (c) (a) Casea rutena Casea broi
Page 34 and 35: (Fig. 3.2(f)), is actually an ophia
Page 36 and 37: the first one is enlarged, often to
Page 38 and 39: Even at their initial appearance in
Page 40 and 41: (a) Nikkasaurus (b) (d) Reiszia (e)
Page 42 and 43: Nikkasauridae The family Nikkasauri
Page 44 and 45: has figured large in discussions of
Page 46 and 47: (c) Figure 3.9 (continued). Syodon
Page 48 and 49: a mixture of progressively more spe
Page 50 and 51: animal with interdigitating, but no
Page 52 and 53: (e) (a) Anomocephalus Ulemica (b) S
Page 54 and 55: mandibulae musculature. This, as in
Page 56 and 57: To date the postcranial skeleton of
Page 58 and 59: ecognised four subgroups, based mai
Page 60 and 61: the presence of a deep, longitudina
Page 62 and 63: collected from the Lystrosaurus Ass
Page 64 and 65: (a) (d) (c) (b) Leontocephalus V PA
Page 66 and 67: (a) (c) Lycosuchus Oliveria (d) EVO
Page 68 and 69: separate families. Lycosuchidae (Fi
Page 70 and 71: consist of a large labial cusp and
Page 72 and 73: Procynosuchus (d) Procynosuchus (a)
Page 74 and 75:
They constitute the monophyletic gr
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Although there is no mammal-like co
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Cynognathidae Cynognathus (Fig. 3.2
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(e) (f) Figure 3.22 (continued). Ma
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(c) (d) (a) (b) Kayentatherium EVOL
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Pachygenelus (e) (a) (c) Therioherp
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palatal, and orbitosphenoid bones,
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Wible and Hopson 1993). The interor
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published a cladogram based on rece
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310-320 Ma. By this time, the great
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are forms such as Casea itself, var
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lakes and swamps in the low-lying l
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urrowing and subsisting on a diet o
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Eothyris Haptodus sphenacodontine B
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z (a) (c) a.pt.m. M B PO P P SQ P M
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(b) a.pt.m. temp.m. a.pt.m. temp.m.
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the dentary bone above the level of
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the therocephalian grade was not on
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A balance was also achieved in the
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Locomotion Ancestral amniote grade
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screw-shaped: the front part faces
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For the recovery phase, the relativ
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SC PRC p.i.f.i tr.min (c) dp.cr ect
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the therocephalian pelvis and hindl
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spc s.sp s.sp SC PRC (d) delt T AST
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no significant novelties to what ha
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(a) (c) (e) (g) D D ex. au.m C tym
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(a) (c) (d) PMX (f) V n.turb mx.tur
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ol.b (a) (b) cer.hem gorgonopsian t
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(a) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) a g
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cold stress, the part that usually
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conducted the experiment of wrappin
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mammals themselves that the enlarge
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elevation of maximum aerobic activi
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a mammal. The difficulty with all s
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collection, ingestion, and assimila
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were edaphosaurid and caseid pelyco
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CHAPTER 5 The Mesozoic mammals The
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(a) (d) AL condylar foramina are se
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evidence to relate the haramiyidans
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postcranial skeleton, and Graybeal
Page 156 and 157:
side of the head can be in action a
Page 158 and 159:
the lower molars is relatively high
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morganucodontan teeth. However, des
Page 162 and 163:
adjacent lower molars. A small exte
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(a) (b) (d) P4 P4 Plagiaulax P4 Pau
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American Morrison Formation genus C
Page 168 and 169:
a self-sharpening property. As the
Page 170 and 171:
near parasagittal gait (Fig. 5.11(e
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pass through the birth canal. Relat
Page 174 and 175:
(a) 1 (b) (d) me (c) me.d 3 styl st
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(a) (c) Henkelotherium Crusafontia
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pubis is excluded from the acetabul
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Cretaceous, (Aptian or Albian) of M
Page 182 and 183:
eautifully preserved placentals fro
Page 184 and 185:
subsequent specimens revealed that
Page 186 and 187:
Minimal divergence of tribosphenida
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(c) (a) M 1 M 1 M 2 Steropodon M 2
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(b) (a) (c) pa.d pr.d me.d Ambondro
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crown-group therians) is accepted b
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form of the tooth, must reflect sub
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of feasibility that a taxon of endo
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mammals, by creating environmental
Page 200 and 201:
the 11 species of marsupial, of whi
Page 202 and 203:
(d) (a) pa A Dasyuromorphia B C pr
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earing two huge claws on digits thr
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that contains the independent ances
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(b) (d) (a) Glasbius Alphadon (c) D
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elieved to be Late Cretaceous in ag
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(Fig. 6.5(c)). The dentition exhibi
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(d) Figure 6.6 (continued). Thylaco
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(a) (c) Caroloameghina and Procarol
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(a) (e) (d) Proargyrolagus Groeberi
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(a) (b) Djarthia Thylacotinga (c) (
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LIVING AND FOSSIL MARSUPIALS 211 M
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Extinct Notoryctemorphia At present
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(f) (g) Wakaleo Diprotodon optatum
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fossil mammals, which might help cl
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30 40 50 60 Figure 6.13 Southern Go
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the Diprotodontia also included gen
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1. Placentalia 2. Edentata 3. Epith
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effectively absent. However, increa
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Asioryctes (a) (b) (d) Cimolestes p
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and Prokennalestes, although it doe
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(a) Leptictidium Palaeoryctidans we
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(a) Purgatorius (c) are part of the
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(a) (d) (e) (g) Protoungulatum Meso
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(a) (f) (e) Hyopsodus Phenacodus (d
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Titanoides (pantodont) (a) (c) (b)
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(a) (b) (d) Trogosus (tillodont) Es
Page 254 and 255:
Mioclaenus Paulacoutoia (didolodont
Page 256 and 257:
their presence. The five orders may
Page 258 and 259:
Xenungulata. Only two Late Palaeoce
Page 260 and 261:
(a) (b) (d) (c) Oxyaena Patriofelis
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continuously growing, and form a gr
Page 264 and 265:
navicular facet, 19 or more thoraci
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(a) (c) Phosphatherium Numidotheriu
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coexist with other characters that
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The salient feature of Widanelfasia
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1 (a) 1. Perissodactyla 2. Titanoth
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(a) (b) BUNODONTIA or SUIFORMES SUI
Page 276 and 277:
time, which suggests that it was on
Page 278 and 279:
condition. This particular combinat
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etween Primates, Dermoptera (colugo
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have postcranial adaptations for ar
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undoubtedly related at a supraordin
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indisputably to occur prior to the
Page 288 and 289:
The Late Cretaceous mammal record i
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interordinal divergences in the Lat
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diversity on Earth (Janis 1993). Fu
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effect of the surrounding sea. Trop
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was high. It lasted from 5 to 3 Ma
Page 298 and 299:
and thus remain in their preferred
Page 300 and 301:
agreement about exactly when within
Page 302 and 303:
References Abdala, F. Redescription
Page 304 and 305:
Ax, P. 1987. The phylogenetic syste
Page 306 and 307:
Bramble, D. M. 1978. Origin of the
Page 308 and 309:
Colbert, E.H. 1948. The mammal-like
Page 310 and 311:
Duvall, D. 1986. A new question of
Page 312 and 313:
Gow, C.E. 1980. The dentitions of t
Page 314 and 315:
Ivakhnenko, M.F. 1990. The late Pal
Page 316 and 317:
Kemp, T.S. 1988a. A note on the Mes
Page 318 and 319:
cladogenesis in dasyurid marsupials
Page 320 and 321:
(eds) Evolution of Tertiary mammals
Page 322 and 323:
McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997.
Page 324 and 325:
(ed) The phylogeny and classificati
Page 326 and 327:
Ray, S. 2000.Endothiodont dicynodon
Page 328 and 329:
Rubidge, B.S., Kitching, J.W., and
Page 330 and 331:
Simpson, G.G. 1970. The Argyrolagid
Page 332 and 333:
Thewissen, J.G.M. 1990. Evolution o
Page 334 and 335:
Novacek, M.J., and McKenna, M.C. (e
Page 336 and 337:
Index Note: Page numbers in italics
Page 338 and 339:
Equoidea 262 Equus 262 Erethizon 28
Page 340 and 341:
Overkill hypothesis 289, 290 Oxyaen
Page 342:
Tulerpeton 14, 18 Tylopoda 264 Ukha
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