SAIVA-SIDDHANTA

120 THE bVETASVATARA UPANISHAT.
called Sdnkhya as distinguished from the practical Religion
and code of Morality, And during the Upanishat period and
even in the time of the Mahabharata, the word had not lost its
general significance. And it will be noticed when ascertaining
what these various categories are, that, with the exception of
the Nastika, all the other five schools believed in almost the
same things, though the enumerations were various, except as
regards the postulating of God. And even in this idea of God,
there was practically very little difference between Kapila and
Patanjali. To both of them, the freed Purusha was equal to
Isvara, only Kapila believed that no Isvara was necessary,
for the origination and sustenance, &c., of the worlds ;
but
according to Patanjali, there existed an eternally freed Being
who created these worlds and resolved them again into their
original components. And in the Upanishat period, the Yoga
school was the dominant cult and these Upanishats including
the Svetasvatara and Kaivalya &c, were all books of the yoga
school. And the theoretical or argumentative part of the
philosophy or creed was called by the name of Sankhya and
the practical part, Yoga. As this yoga postulated the highest
end achieved by a study of the Vedas, which were set forth in
these Upanishats, it was also coming slowly to be called
Vedanta. That the word Upanishat was actually used as a
synonym for yoga, we have an example in Chandog, (i-i-io.)
"The sacrifice which a man performs with knowledge, faith,
and the Upanishat is more powerful." Knowledge Qv^jndn
here meant the knowledge of the categories and their relation,
which according to Kapila was alone sufficient to bring about
man s freedom. This, the Vedania held to be insufficient, unless
it was accompanied by earnestness and love and by the
contemplation of a Supreme Being. This contemplation brought
the thinker nearer and nearer to the object of his thoughts, till
all distinctions of object and subject were thoroughly merged
(distinction of I and Mine) and the union or one-ness was reached
and ail bhanda or j)asa vanished. This is the root-idea in both
words Upanishat and Yoga/ Yoga means union, union of