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10 ft 20 ft Revuelta Vega Leon Architects, Wind by Neo, developed by Neo Epoch I Corp. and Downtown River Village, Miami, Florida, completed in 2008. Typical floor plans, units K5 and K6. Drawn by Nabila Morales Pérez. style is somewhat atypical, however. Of the 75.6 million owner-occupied units counted by the AHS, only about 744,000 were in buildings containing fifty or more units. Likewise for the floor plans, which maximize exterior exposure with a jagged profile that alternates balconies with bay windows. Apartments are arranged along a double-loaded corridor, with glazed exposures on one side of each unit, and an efficient service core tucked against the inner wall. Outward orientation reigns. Contrast these outward-looking units to the inward-looking cells offered to investors in the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), a publicly traded Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) [See HH: 2015]. The CCA’s publicity boasts an 85,000+ total bed capacity in 60+ operating facilities housing 70,000+ inmates in 600+ programs across the country. 43 Unit plans are unavailable. Founded in 1983, the CCA “designs, builds, manages, and operates prisons, jails, detention centers and residential reentry centers on behalf of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, Immigrations and Customs Enforcement, the United States Marshals Service, [and] many states and counties across the country.” 44 As the “fifth largest corrections system in the nation, behind only the federal government and three states,” the CCA enters into public-private partnerships in which the majority of its facilities are company-owned. 45 This yields profit that can be leveraged, which means that, like shares of Forest City Enterprises, Inc. (owners of New York by Gehry), shares of the CCA are traded on the New York Stock Exchange: prisons as capital. Among the CCA’s properties is the Adams County Correctional Facility in Natchez, Mississippi, with a capacity of 2,567 male inmates. The facility is accredited by the American Correctional Association (ACA), which means, according to the company, that it “must meet nearly 500 professional standards in all areas of operations, including security, food service, fire/safety, 116 117
sanitation, maintenance, medical, education, recreation, visitation, mail and administration.” 46 In May 2012, violence broke out at the Adams County Correctional Facility. One corrections officer was killed, and twenty-five employees were taken hostage by about 300 prisoners. A lawsuit filed by the officer’s family against CCA alleged that “the facility was short staffed and underequipped,” and therefore unprepared to deal with the violence. 47 The CCA’s stock price declined slightly in the following month, to about $20 per share, but has since doubled, trading at about $40 a share in early 2015. 48 There is little point in locating the residents of the Adams County Correctional Facility on the inequality spectrum, other than to note that they are among the 1.5 million housed in prisons nationwide, a disproportionate number of whom are African American. 49 Contrast this investment product, again, to Greenville Overlook, a luxury home community in Greenville, Delaware, developed by Toll Brothers, that replicates the company’s strategy (which we have already encountered in Minnesota) in the Mid-Atlantic region. Greenville Overlook comprises eight house types, ranging from 2,900 to 4,900 square feet and priced from about $660,000. Here the model names read like a half-forgotten history textbook: The Westbrook, The Gettysburg, The Manor, The Lexington, The Savannah, The Colonial, The Traditional, The Heritage, with surnames like Columbia, Elkton, Waterford, Duke, Langley, Claridge, Stansbury, Malvern. All include “nine-foot first floor ceilings, walk-out or daylight basements, stunning 2-story foyers, and first-floor master bedroom suites,” sprinkled with vaulted ceilings, double-turned staircases, kitchen islands, overlooks, Roman tubs, arches, and French doors. 50 Prospective buyers are invited to “design” their own homes by adding amenities like powder rooms, curved oak stairs, “designer” fireplaces, solaria, 10 ft 20 ft Toll Brothers, Langley model, Greenville Overlook, Wilmington, Delaware, begun in 2009. First-floor plan (below), Second-floor plan (above). Drawn by Nabila Morales Pérez. 118 119
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In 2013, in the United States, the
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The Temple Hoyne Buell Center for t
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Preface The Art of Inequality: Arch
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Introduction What is inequality? Or
Page 9 and 10: to tangible evidence drawn from rea
Page 11 and 12: 1.1 Defining Inequality Jacob Moore
Page 13 and 14: ership rate, this became especially
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Page 17 and 18: 1.1.4 Race in Place Since the late
Page 19 and 20: American Apartheid (Cambridge, MA:
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Page 23 and 24: Perhaps predictably, the practices
Page 25 and 26: According to the CEA’s narrative,
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Page 29 and 30: additional direct provision of aid
Page 31 and 32: 22. U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical
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Page 35 and 36: and renovated instead of demolished
Page 37 and 38: Residents displaced by the redevelo
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Page 41 and 42: ut the separation of residents of t
Page 43 and 44: 1. This was encouraged among other
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Page 47 and 48: Part 2 Architecture 90 91
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Page 71 and 72: 3.1.4 the will theory of contract:
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Page 81 and 82: 3.2.4 lative frenzies drive up asse
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Botein, Hilary. “New York State H
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Glaeser, Edward. “There are Worse
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Kopczuk, Wojciech, Emmanuel Saez, a
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Renner, Andrea. Housing Diplomacy:
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Weiss, Marc A. “Researching the H
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1939 1937 1934 1933 1932 FHA DENIES
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