Behavioral Science

38 Deja Review: Behavioral Science
What are reinforcers?
What is positive reinforcement?
What is negative reinforcement?
What type of reinforcement increases
the likelihood of a behavior occurring
again?
What will decrease the likelihood
of a behavior occurring?
What is shaping?
When is shaping used?
What is the definition of punishment?
What is the definition of extinction
in operant conditioning?
What is an example of extinction?
Any event or stimulus that increases the
likelihood of the behavior occurring
again
Presentation of a rewarding stimulus
after a certain behavior is performed.
For example, parents may reward their
children with ice cream (positive
reinforcer) when their rooms are clean,
thus increasing the likelihood that the
children will clean their rooms.
Removal of an aversive stimulus after a
certain behavior is performed. For
example, parents may exempt the
children that clean their rooms from
having to take out the trash, thus
increasing the likelihood that the
children will clean their rooms.
Positive and negative reinforcement
Punishment (note the contrast between
negative reinforcement and punishment)
Shaping is learning that occurs when a
person is rewarded for a behavior
which is similar to a desired behavior.
Subsequently, only behavior which is
more and more similar to the particular
desired behavior is rewarded.
It is a progressive modification of
behavior which occurs by reinforcement
of behavior which is close to the desired
outcome.
Presentation of an aversive stimulus to
reduce the likelihood of an unwanted
behavior occurring
Extinction is the disappearance of a
certain behavior when the reinforcement
is no longer present.
A rat that is initially trained to press a
bar if rewarded with food will quickly
cease to press the bar if food is no
longer obtained by the behavior.