Glimpses of the Left..

I II a later period this of Goeteia was lost and it came to be
IIssociated with malevolent and sorcery. The necromancer became a
Norcerer who dared to violate the natural laws of the universe by evoking
Npirits in order to influence the world around. The Goeteia became a
(liuk art, reserved to those who were not afraid to manipulate the fates
others and their own, which was viewed as forbidden because the ancients
helieved that human lives to fulfill their own fate and is not
tl ilowed to change it. There was also a new distinction between a
"sorcerer" and a magos, "magician", the latter having a status, often
r.,,,,,, ... r1,,,'; as a or a sage. The magoi did not to the
natural order of the world and their function was to explain and interpret
its phenomena. They enjoyed a and were as the
successors of the old Persian Magi, the followers of Zoroaster and his
doctrine. Their practices included divination and interpretation of dreams,
nnd they also maintained the social order by metaphysical
for the social while the were believed to act
against this order by using with the underworld, such
as necromancy, charms, curses, and deceit This distinction is in
many ancient writings and works of literature. For instance, in the second
in his Metamorphoses writes about two kinds of
the first one, originating from Egypt and
many favours of the gods, and the other, despised and forbidden by gods,
working and by witches in
In fact, there were three types of mentioned in the ancient sources:
mageia, and theourgia. Apart from the above-mentioned views,
Koeteia was also the lowest and the easiest form of magic, often referred to
as trickery", or the art of The sorcerer who nl';,rtlrprI
was elements in the objective universe to affect the will in
his own subjective universe. This was done by summoning deities, angels,
operations, and all other available means so
that they would do the will of the sorcerer. Mageia was the art by
a magician who had achieved a certain level of personal initiation and was
able to act on a divine level. He did not ask any objective to do his
will because he had attained a unity with ' god' as a part of himself. Thus,
his did not need intervention of any spirits but rather happened
by means of the will itself. This form of magic was sometimes
"wonder-working". The third type of was theurgy, or "divine
work." The works of theurgy were with the gods and remained in
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