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harmony with <strong>the</strong> laws <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> universe. There were<br />

similarities between this kind <strong>of</strong> magic and <strong>the</strong> goeteia, but what mad.<br />

was <strong>the</strong> concern with "philosophically correct - and '<br />

harmonious with nature - ra<strong>the</strong>r than just being effective and powerful", u<br />

it was in <strong>the</strong> work <strong>the</strong><br />

Demons<br />

The distinction between and "evil" echoed far into <strong>the</strong><br />

medieval philosophy and <strong>of</strong> occult arts. With <strong>the</strong> rise <strong>of</strong> Christianity<br />

and <strong>the</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Church, all pagan spirits <strong>of</strong> old religions became<br />

VICIOUS and <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Devil, striving to bring man'lI<br />

soul to damnation and to eternal tortures in Hell. However, ancient<br />

"demons" were not <strong>the</strong> malevolent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> medieval Christian lore • .<br />

The word "demon" has an ancient origin and derives from <strong>the</strong> Greek<br />

daimon, a which embodied <strong>the</strong> concept <strong>of</strong> a higher consciousness. A<br />

.<br />

daimon was a kind <strong>of</strong> a demigod or <strong>of</strong> good or evil<br />

which could be attached to an individual by means <strong>of</strong> magical techniques.<br />

Through this, a person could merge with <strong>the</strong> essence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> daim6n and<br />

assume its powers. In Hermetic magic this was daimonion<br />

and was as an between <strong>the</strong> In<br />

ancient Greece it was believed that a daimon can be ei<strong>the</strong>r and helpful<br />

(<strong>the</strong> agathodaimOn) or vicious and evil (<strong>the</strong> kakodaim6n). These good daim{)ns<br />

later came to be identified with (angelos messengers <strong>of</strong> gods).<br />

more <strong>of</strong>ten daim{)ns were mentioned in a neutral sense, as good nor<br />

evil. were independent, relatively immortal and powerful entities,<br />

sometimes even viewed as A Roman <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> daim6n<br />

was <strong>the</strong> genius, a familiar spirit inherited along genetic lines in <strong>the</strong> family.<br />

One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most important works <strong>of</strong> was to absorb<br />

and unite with <strong>the</strong> personal daiman. Through this unity, a magician could<br />

become "a son <strong>of</strong> a god" and exert his will over <strong>the</strong> whole universe.63<br />

The medieval view on <strong>the</strong> concept <strong>of</strong> a "demon", largely influenced by<br />

Christian was that <strong>of</strong> a fallen a who was<br />

by God and exiled from to dwell in infernal for .<br />

eternity. These had opposed God's will, ei<strong>the</strong>r by <strong>the</strong> primary sin <strong>of</strong> 1<br />

62 Daniel Ogden: Greek and Roman Necromancy<br />

63 Edred Flowers: Hermetic Magic<br />

,<br />

j 1

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