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76 Deploying and Managing IP over WDM Networks Instead they are sent directly on the physical medium by using an ATM cellbased physical layer. Cell-based physical layer is a relatively new technique for ATM transport that has been developed specifically to carry the ATM protocol; this technique cannot support any other protocol except if these protocols are emulated over ATM. Some benefits of using a cell-based interface instead of SDH are: • Simple transmission technique for ATM cells, as cells are directly sent over the physical medium after scrambling; • Lower physical layer overhead (around 16 times lower than SDH); • As ATM is asynchronous, there is no stringent timing mechanism to be put on the network. However, the drawbacks are that the overhead (i.e., cell tax) is the same as for transport on SDH, the technology has not been endorsed yet by the industry, and this transmission technique can carry only ATM cells. ATM cell-based physical layers are defined by several standardization bodies. ITU-T covers the transmission rates of 155 Mbps and 622 Mbps and recently the ATM Forum completed the specification for 622 Mbps and 2,488 Mbps. 5.2.3 IP Over SDH; Packet Over SONET It is possible to simply use SDH formats to frame encapsulated IP packets for transmission over WDM, probably using a transponder (wavelength adapter). It is also possible to transport the SDH-framed IP over an SDH transport network along with other traffic, which may then use WDM links. A scenario for transporting IP in an SDH frame over WDM is shown in Figure 5.2. SDH can currently be used to protect IP traffic links against cable breaks by automatic protection switching (APS) in a variety of guises. The line card in the IP router performs the PPP/HDLC framing. The optical signal is then suitable for transmission over optical fiber either into an SDH network element, a neighboring IP router, or a WDM transponder for further transmission. There are also different types of IP over SDH interfaces: • VC4 or concatenated VC4 fat pipes, which provide aggregate bandwidth without any partitions between different IP services that may exist within the packet stream; • Channelized interfaces, where an STM16 optical output may contain 16 individual VC4s, with a possible service separation for each VC4. The different VC4s can then also be routed by an SDH network to different destination routers.
IP router OLA The version of IP over SDH examined here uses PPP encapsulation and HDLC framing. This is also known as POS or packet over SONET. PPP is a standardized way to encapsulate IP and other types of packets for transmission over many media from analog phone lines to SDH. It also includes functionality to set up and close links (LCP). HDLC is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)–standardized version of SDLC, a protocol developed by IBM in the 1970s. The HDLC framing contains delimiting flag sequences at the start and end of the frame and also has a CRC checksum field for error control. 5.2.4 IP Over SDL Directly Over WDM IP Over WDM Integration Mechanisms 77 SDH ADM Figure 5.2 Example of IP over SDH over WDM network. WDM mux STM16 transponder Simple data link (SDL) is a framing method proposed by Lucent Technologies, Inc., and can replace HDLC framing for PPP-encapsulated packets. Compared with the HDLC frame, the SDL frame has no delimiting flag sequences. Instead, the SDL frame is started with a packet-length field. This is advantageous at high bit rates where synchronization with the flag sequence is difficult. The SDL format can be inserted into an SDH payload for transmission over WDM. The SDL format can also be encoded directly onto an optical carrier: SDL specifies the bare minimum functionality to be able to do this.
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Deploying and Managing IP over WDM
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Contents Foreword xv Preface xix Ac
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Contents vii 4.2 The WDM Network El
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Contents ix 8 Management System Des
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Contents xi 10.3 The WINMAN Testbed
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Contents xiii 13.4.1 Adoption of Op
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xvi Deploying and Managing IP over
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Preface The integration of the Inte
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Coauthors of the IST-OPTIMIST proje
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1 Introduction 1.1 The Importance o
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communications. These legacy networ
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Within these programs, consortia of
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8 Deploying and Managing IP over WD
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10 Deploying and Managing IP over W
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8 Management System Design and Impl
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Management System Design and Implem
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checking is done at the very beginn
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8.4.1 The Inventory Model The inven
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for any of the three WINMAN NMSs. T
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11 Evaluation of IP over WDM Manage
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Evaluation of IP over WDM Managemen
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system will still perform without i
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11.5.3.1 General Remarks The manage
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12 Integration of IP over WDM: The
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domains with different management t
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Integration of IP over WDM: The LIO
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ClientCTP Integration of IP over WD
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AstnTrail AstnTTP NL resource Integ
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12.4.1.1 TILAB Equipment Integratio
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12.4.1.3 Tellium Equipment Integrat
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At least two other possible solutio
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13 Future Developments and Challeng
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Future Developments and Challenges
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About the Editors Joan Serrat recei
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