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252 Deploying and Managing IP over WDM Networks predictions and updates can be found on the OPTIMIST Web site (www.istoptimist.org) under the section on technology trends. 13.2.3 Future Trends for Optical Components No advanced networks without advanced components! Within the IST program, a large number of projects focus on the development of new optical materials, components, and subsystems supporting future needs and offering new possibilities to future networks. Figure 13.6 gives a schematic overview of some IST projects doing research and development work this area. The OPTIMIST consortium analyzed with a top-down approach the needs and requirements for future communication networks and translated these requirements into development scenarios for basic components and technologies. Special focus was given to following aspects: • Transmitter technology; • Receiver technology; • Fiber technology; • Regenerator technology; • Switching technology. ULTRABRIGHT POWERPACK WILD High power sources Amplifiers LOBSTER SYNERGIA QD + new material VCSEL TUNVIC NEWTON Tunable sources GIFT DOTCOM GSQ PCIC PICCO ANLM - PHOBOS OTDM Photonic bandgap IO Polymer and AGETHA APPTECH HOMEPLANET POF Cost Reduction Objectives NAIS GLAMOROUS Poling in glass ATLAS DOALL ROSA PIANO Optical Signal Processing for OTDM or WDM High speed sources and receivers TOPRATE FASHION METEOR STOLAS Figure 13.6 Some IST projects related to optical components and subsystems.
Future Developments and Challenges for IP over WDM Network Deployment 253 As an example, the diagrams given for the transmitter and for the regenerator technology are given next. More material can be found on the OPTIMIST Web site. With respect to transmitter technology, it is obvious that WDM transmission requires stable sources locked on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) wavelengths. Figure 13.7 maps the evolution of different types of transmitters against time for the different types of networks envisaged. Tuneable lasers for wavelength-routed network architecture require an easy ITU-locked-wavelength allocation procedure. Tuning speed is a major issue here. Distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers allow a moderate tuning range (25 nm), and the allocation procedure is fast (100 ns) but complicated and requires temperature control. External cavity lasers, on the other hand, are broadband but slow. It seems that monolithic integration of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) and MEMS (movable mirrors) may lead to costeffective solutions. High-speed modulators are also required for high-speed signal encoding. Commercial availability of modulators and drivers at 40 Gbps and above, however, remains a critical issue. Generation of short optical pulses is needed for OTDM interleaving and solution-managed long-haul transmission. Targets to accomplish this are transform-limited pulses or chirp-managed pulses. Solution-managed transmission or OTDM at hundreds of gigabits per second require pulse widths around Global Metro Access DFB laser Accurate ITU grid locking External modulator EA -DFB laser Short-pulse laser Repetition rate: 80-160Gb/s Transform limited pulses Mode -locked lasers Fibre ring lasers Directly modulated/EA-DFB laser Modulation speed: 10-40Gb/s Limited chirp acceptable Directly modulated VCSEL Modulation speed 10Gb/s Cheap and compact unit Quantum dot laser Widely tuneable (300nm) Low chirp High power New modulation formats Duobinary High spectral efficiency Tunable laser DBR, SG -DBR Rapid tuning (100 ns) External cavity laser 300 nm tuning range 45dB SMSR GaAs LEDs/lasers Second window operation Low cost Figure 13.7 Evolution in transmitter technology. Supercontinuum generation High speed modulator for pulse carving Crystal fiber based Integrated transmitter array Compact module w. multiple wavelength channel emission and modulation Polymer transmitters Cheap production & testing 5–10 years 10–20 years
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Contents Foreword xv Preface xix Ac
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Contents vii 4.2 The WDM Network El
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Contents ix 8 Management System Des
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Contents xi 10.3 The WINMAN Testbed
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Contents xiii 13.4.1 Adoption of Op
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xvi Deploying and Managing IP over
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Preface The integration of the Inte
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Coauthors of the IST-OPTIMIST proje
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1 Introduction 1.1 The Importance o
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communications. These legacy networ
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Within these programs, consortia of
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8 Deploying and Managing IP over WD
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10 Deploying and Managing IP over W
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4 Management of the WDM Network Lay
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λ1λ 2 ··· λ w λ1λ 2 ···
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Management of the WDM Network Layer
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• Lightpaths that may be protecte
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• Wavelength continuity. Two conn
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4.4.4 Management Interfaces Managem
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5 IP Over WDM Integration Mechanism
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STM1/ATM interface requirements. Fo
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IP router OLA The version of IP ove
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Gigabit Ethernet interface GbE prov
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the IETF extended the MPLambdaS fra
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ASON/ASTN. ITU-T will try to push t
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The proposed management solution is
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IP Over WDM Integration Mechanisms
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8 Management System Design and Impl
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Management System Design and Implem
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checking is done at the very beginn
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8.4.1 The Inventory Model The inven
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for any of the three WINMAN NMSs. T
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11 Evaluation of IP over WDM Manage
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