deploying and managing ip over wdm networks - Index of

Recommendations

Info

66 Deploying and Managing IP over WDM Networks protection purposes. The receiving node “listens” to both and will select the best. • 1:1 protection. This protection scheme only uses the protection path as soon as the working path fails. Then the protection path will take over from the working one. Usually, the protection path is used for lowpriority traffic that will be dropped in case the working path fails. Because the transmitting node must be notified of the working path failure, this scheme is considerably slower than the first scheme. • 1:N protection. This scheme is different from the 1:1 protection with respect to the number of protection paths per working path. In this case, each protection path is used to protect N working paths. If a failure occurs with a certain working path, the protection path will take over until the working path has recovered. Similar to 1:1 protection, the protection path can be used for carrying low-priority traffic. Note that if there is a second failure, there will be no protection path to take over. • M:N protection. For each of the N working paths in this scheme, there are M protection paths available. The remaining characteristics are similar to 1:N protection. 4.4.3 Performance Management The need for monitoring and managing the performance of networks is especially acute in WDM networks because of the high bandwidths per wavelength and the number of users affected in case of problems. Performance monitoring in WDM typically involves the monitoring of the optical signal quality, determined by the power level and the signal-to-noise ratio. However, there are difficulties relating the signal quality with the performance management metrics as bit error rate (BER) and errored seconds (ES) [12]. In addition to monitoring the optical signal nonintrusively, three more requirements are identified [13] that should be met by a performance management method for all-optical WDM networks: • It should not need to access a specific data frame (frame format transparency). • It should work at a wide variety of bit rates (bit rate transparency). • Identification of the strength and source (type) of signal degradation should be possible.
Management of the WDM Network Layer 67 In the following section, performance-management methods are identified that are relevant for all-optical WDM networks. 4.4.3.1 Spectral Analysis Spectral analysis is the main method used for performance management, because it only monitors the parameters of the optical carrier alone, without concern for the modulated signal itself. Hence, it is immediately compatible with all of the requirements for performance management in all-optical networks. The method consists of decoupling a sample of the optical carrier from the transmission fiber and feeding it to an optical spectral analyzer. Here, the results of the analysis are compared against a predefined set of results defined for correct operation. The supervision is carried out at the various network elements. For example, at a switching node every input and output fiber is monitored by the network analyzer. The analyzer uses a selector mechanism to get a sample of the optical signal from every port one at a time. This method only allows the measurement of power-related figures such as power per carrier, carrier wavelength, and optical signal-to-noise ratio. While the first two characteristics can be measured quite accurately using this method, the optical signalto-noise ratio may only be an estimate of the real value due to several different factors, such as the presence of four wave mixing or cross phase modulation or even the presence of demultiplexers or other optical filters [14]. The performance of the network depends directly on a number of the optical carrier parameters. If one (or more) of these parameters is found to be below (or different) from given thresholds, the performance of the network may be severely affected (depending on the extent of the degradation), hampering its service quality as seen by the users. The main optical carrier parameters that must be monitored in a WDM network are: • The number of carriers, indicating an unbroken path between the carrier generation and measurement point—this could indicate that more than one carrier is used at the same frequency; • Total optical power, defined as the sum of all carrier power plus noise; • Carrier identification, which helps identify the carrier by manipulating some of the carrier parameters at certain network elements; • Optical power per carrier, measurements indicate whether the optical power is within the predefined range; • Carrier-to-noise ratio, per carrier, indicating that the noise accumulated along the transmission path does not exceed the value beyond which the transmission is no longer error free; • Center wavelength drift, defined as the difference between the nominal carrier wavelength and its actual value;
Page 3 and 4:
Deploying and Managing IP over WDM
Page 5 and 6:
Deploying and Managing IP over WDM
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Foreword xv Preface xix Ac
Page 9 and 10:
Contents vii 4.2 The WDM Network El
Page 11 and 12:
Contents ix 8 Management System Des
Page 13 and 14:
Contents xi 10.3 The WINMAN Testbed
Page 15:
Contents xiii 13.4.1 Adoption of Op
Page 18 and 19:
xvi Deploying and Managing IP over
Page 21 and 22:
Preface The integration of the Inte
Page 23:
Coauthors of the IST-OPTIMIST proje
Page 27 and 28:
1 Introduction 1.1 The Importance o
Page 29 and 30:
communications. These legacy networ
Page 31:
Within these programs, consortia of
Page 34 and 35:
8 Deploying and Managing IP over WD
Page 36 and 37:
10 Deploying and Managing IP over W
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43: 16 Deploying and Managing IP over W
Page 81 and 82: 4 Management of the WDM Network Lay
Page 83 and 84: λ1λ 2 ··· λ w λ1λ 2 ···
Page 85 and 86: Management of the WDM Network Layer
Page 87 and 88: • Lightpaths that may be protecte
Page 89 and 90: • Wavelength continuity. Two conn
Page 91: Management of the WDM Network Layer
Page 95 and 96: 4.4.4 Management Interfaces Managem
Page 97 and 98: Management of the WDM Network Layer
Page 99 and 100: 5 IP Over WDM Integration Mechanism
Page 101 and 102: STM1/ATM interface requirements. Fo
Page 103 and 104: IP router OLA The version of IP ove
Page 105 and 106: Gigabit Ethernet interface GbE prov
Page 107 and 108: the IETF extended the MPLambdaS fra
Page 109 and 110: ASON/ASTN. ITU-T will try to push t
Page 111 and 112: The proposed management solution is
Page 113: IP Over WDM Integration Mechanisms
Page 126 and 127: 100 Deploying and Managing IP over
Page 142 and 143:
116 Deploying and Managing IP over
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 165 and 166:
8 Management System Design and Impl
Page 167 and 168:
Management System Design and Implem
Page 169 and 170:
checking is done at the very beginn
Page 171 and 172:
8.4.1 The Inventory Model The inven
Page 173 and 174:
for any of the three WINMAN NMSs. T
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 225 and 226:
11 Evaluation of IP over WDM Manage
Page 227 and 228:
Evaluation of IP over WDM Managemen
Page 229 and 230:
system will still perform without i
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
11.5.3.1 General Remarks The manage
Page 243 and 244:
12 Integration of IP over WDM: The
Page 245 and 246:
domains with different management t
Page 247 and 248:
Integration of IP over WDM: The LIO
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
ClientCTP Integration of IP over WD
Page 257 and 258:
AstnTrail AstnTTP NL resource Integ
Page 259 and 260:
12.4.1.1 TILAB Equipment Integratio
Page 261 and 262:
12.4.1.3 Tellium Equipment Integrat
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
At least two other possible solutio
Page 269 and 270:
13 Future Developments and Challeng
Page 271 and 272:
Future Developments and Challenges
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 303:
About the Editors Joan Serrat recei
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314:
show all

deploying and managing ip over wdm networks - Index of

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?