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254 Deploying and Managing IP over WDM Networks 1 ps or less. Super continuum generation in an optical fiber combined with an AWG filter can be a valid alternative to generate multiwavelength short pulses. With respect to regenerator technology, significant research and development is still needed to reach full 3R regeneration (amplification, reshaping, retiming) in such a way that optical signals should no longer suffer from their analog behavior. Figure 13.8 depicts the evolution in regenerator technology. For amplification, the channel width limitation is related to the amplifier coverage of the band. Several amplifier technologies can be used simultaneously: new fibers and new dopants (e.g., Tellurite fibers, Pd, and Tm doped fibers), multipump Raman amplification. Reduction of amplifier noise and cross talk are the main concerns. Nonlinear behavior in high-power fiber amplifiers is beginning to get critical. Distributed amplification is an interesting solution. Development of powerful and low-noise optical pump sources is a main issue. For metro or access links (
Future Developments and Challenges for IP over WDM Network Deployment 255 hybrid solutions for very high OTDM rates, have been demonstrated in the laboratory. 13.3 Challenges of IP/WDM Network Control and Management The requirement for the provision of more intelligent and autonomous networks in order to simplify and reduce the costs of network operations has caused new architectural and operational issues in all areas of network control/management. This section reviews some of the most important requirements and issues of the overlay, peer, and augmented models in the area of end-to-end network routing, wavelength routing and conversion, and fault and performance control/management. Issues associated with network security and billing/accounting are not considered here. 13.3.1 End-to-End Routing The provision of end-to-end routing across both IP and WDM domains depends on the chosen architectural interconnection model. (See Chapter 5 for the description of network interconnection models.) The overlay routing approach supports the overlay interconnection model. According to this approach, the optical network maintains a registry that allows border routers to register their IP addresses. A border router can issue a query for external addresses such that the address of an egress optical port reaching the external destination is returned. While the deployment of the overlay model and the corresponding routing approach is likely to be the most practical one in the near future, complex management of IP routing adjacencies across the optical network is required under this model. Specifically, the WDM layer is managed by its own management system and control protocols. In order for the WDM layer to carry out the provision of optical paths on demand, it needs a separate addressing scheme and corresponding routing and signaling protocols. Additional protocols mapping an IP address to its corresponding WDM address must be developed and adopted to interconnect the IP and WDM layers. Moreover, these protocols must be responsible for discovery of IP addresses and routers across the network. Such protocols as WDM address resolution protocol (WDM-ARL) and internetworking schemes like IETF’s next hop resolution protocol (NHRP) can be considered for these purposes [2]. Domain-specific routing is supported under the augmented interconnection model. Under this approach, routing in optical and IP domains are separated, and a standard protocol should be used to bridge the two domains. Border routing protocol (or, BGP) may be adapted for this purpose [1]. This protocol
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Contents Foreword xv Preface xix Ac
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Contents vii 4.2 The WDM Network El
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Contents ix 8 Management System Des
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Contents xi 10.3 The WINMAN Testbed
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Contents xiii 13.4.1 Adoption of Op
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xvi Deploying and Managing IP over
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Preface The integration of the Inte
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Coauthors of the IST-OPTIMIST proje
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1 Introduction 1.1 The Importance o
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communications. These legacy networ
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Within these programs, consortia of
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8 Deploying and Managing IP over WD
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10 Deploying and Managing IP over W
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4 Management of the WDM Network Lay
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λ1λ 2 ··· λ w λ1λ 2 ···
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Management of the WDM Network Layer
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• Lightpaths that may be protecte
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• Wavelength continuity. Two conn
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4.4.4 Management Interfaces Managem
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5 IP Over WDM Integration Mechanism
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STM1/ATM interface requirements. Fo
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IP router OLA The version of IP ove
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Gigabit Ethernet interface GbE prov
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the IETF extended the MPLambdaS fra
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ASON/ASTN. ITU-T will try to push t
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The proposed management solution is
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IP Over WDM Integration Mechanisms
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8 Management System Design and Impl
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Management System Design and Implem
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checking is done at the very beginn
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8.4.1 The Inventory Model The inven
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for any of the three WINMAN NMSs. T
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11 Evaluation of IP over WDM Manage
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Evaluation of IP over WDM Managemen
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