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2 Deploying and Managing IP over WDM Networks commercial organizations. According to the survey of the Internet Software Consortium, in July 2002 there were well over 126 million hosts on the Internet. This is a completely different situation with respect to what happened in the past, when almost all of the traffic of telecommunications networks was voice information from telephone calls. The technology that was foreseen only for specific data communication is being pushed to be of widespread use. In addition to data-oriented applications, services like voice and video communications, traditionally supported by circuit-switched networks, make use of IP. The move by telecom operators’ corporate customers into the IP world, and the need for interoperability between private and public networks, drives the network operators to adopt IP into their backbone networks. New technologies that are capable of transmitting IP directly over fiber using SDH framing have already emerged. Such a protocol is packet over SONET/SDH (POS), which is capable of transmitting IP packets through SDH frames in all SDH rates. In other words, gigabit IP routers could be equipped with SDH line interface cards and can be connected either directly to each other or through the usual SDH network. The overhead of POS is significantly lower for IP traffic (around 6%), but such interfaces are still very expensive. In any case, the ATM layer is missing, resulting in IP being directly transported over SDH (IP/SDH). This is an advantage in most cases, as it lowers complexity and eases network management. One step further is the scenario of POS over DWDM, where mainly high-speed interfaces such as STM-16 or STM-64 could allow routers and switches to be connected directly to a DWDM system without going through the SDH network. So there will be cases where data and voice traffic are multiplexed by SDH before going over DWDM and cases in which IP data connects directly to DWDM without any SDH interference. The above reasons explain why ATM is disappearing from the core of the WAN networks and being pushed back to the access part of the WAN, where it seems they will stay for some years. 1.1.3 Deployment of IP Over WDM Although IP and WDM technologies are expected to become the dominant network technologies, they will be introduced gradually. The current infrastructure, with its mix of different types of equipment, ranging from PDH to SONET/SDH and ATM, will slowly evolve into a network in which IP traffic is transported directly over a WDM network, eliminating the need for intermediate layers. In these evolutions, there is a factor that cannot be neglected: the majority of today’s communication networks have been deployed for voice
communications. These legacy networks cannot simply be discarded and replaced by new IP over WDM networks. This means that network providers will have to manage several different technologies concurrently in their networks. To provide connectivity between two points in the network across several technology domains requires manually coordinated provisioning and configuration actions on different network management systems—a tedious, time-consuming, and error-prone task. It is obvious that this situation greatly increases the complexity of network management of end-to-end connectivity. Next generation networks built by the service providers will span multiple transport technologies, and, among others, national Internet service providers will probably choose direct IP over WDM networks. More than one vendor will provide the equipment in these networks. This situation creates network environments where one technology is provided by one vendor, and a different technology is provided by a different vendor. Technology providers supply element and network management systems to manage their technologies, causing a creation of a smoke stack network management environment to the service providers. The network management situation is further complicated by multivendor support within a single technology domain (e.g., WDM), and service provider businesses need to partition the management of their growing networks. Thus, the definition of management domains is driven by the mix of technologies, vendors, and business needs present in the given service provider environment. Lack of integration and sheer complexity of the tools themselves has become a barrier to the development of new applications, as well as the exchange and sharing of data captured by these individual network management and provisioning tools. 1.2 Structure of the Book Introduction 3 The main objective of this book is to present the results of about two years of research in the field of the integrated management of IP over WDM conducted under the umbrella of the WINMAN project. We considered it necessary to present these results within the perspective of the current and future challenges of the technologies that play the key roles, namely the network technologies to be managed and the management technologies themselves. This technology perspective is presented in the first part constituted by Chapters 2 to 5 as well as in a second one constituted by Chapters 12 and 13. The first part provides background while the second part depicts a framework looking at other current research projects and the most advanced foreseen scenarios. The central part of the book, constituted by Chapters 6 to 11, describes the problem, the proposed solutions, and their assessment in realistic environments.
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4 Management of the WDM Network Lay
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λ1λ 2 ··· λ w λ1λ 2 ···
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Management of the WDM Network Layer
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• Lightpaths that may be protecte
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5 IP Over WDM Integration Mechanism
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STM1/ATM interface requirements. Fo
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IP router OLA The version of IP ove
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Gigabit Ethernet interface GbE prov
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the IETF extended the MPLambdaS fra
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ASON/ASTN. ITU-T will try to push t
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The proposed management solution is
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IP Over WDM Integration Mechanisms
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8 Management System Design and Impl
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Management System Design and Implem
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checking is done at the very beginn
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11 Evaluation of IP over WDM Manage
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Evaluation of IP over WDM Managemen
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system will still perform without i
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11.5.3.1 General Remarks The manage
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12 Integration of IP over WDM: The
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domains with different management t
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Integration of IP over WDM: The LIO
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ClientCTP Integration of IP over WD
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AstnTrail AstnTTP NL resource Integ
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At least two other possible solutio
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13 Future Developments and Challeng
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Future Developments and Challenges
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About the Editors Joan Serrat recei
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