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28 Deploying and Managing IP over WDM Networks availability of QoS. At the same time, the IP-oriented application services like voice over IP or multimedia over IP cannot be regarded as best-effort services. Technologies and frameworks like MPLS, DiffServ, and IntServ must be used to provide to customers guaranteed QoS. Additionally, SLAs specifying among others the functional and operational characteristics for the provided services are used, leading to fierce competition between service and network providers in the race for acquiring the biggest share of the market. On the side of the transport network technology, ATM has been the dominant transport technology for most wide area packet networks. This was not the case in LAN environments, where the predominant technology has been xBaseT Ethernet. On the other hand, the SONET/SDH protocol was the evolution of PDH networks and fulfilled the needs and growing demand of mass plain telephony services. SONET/SDH can smoothly interwork with ATM, and the same occurs with IP and ATM. Therefore, the integration of multiple protocol layers like IP/ATM/SDH or IP/SDH (POS) has been a reality. The continuous increase of the traffic volume has led to fiber exhaustion problems. New methods and technologies have been explored as a way to exploit existing infrastructure, avoiding the need for new fiber installations that increase the cost of network deployment significantly. WDM is one of the technologies that addresses the problem of fiber exhaustion by multiplexing in each fiber many wavelengths (lambdas), multiplying the capacity of existing fiber. This makes the WDM technology a major, if not the dominant, candidate for future optical networks. On the other hand, the inherent limitation of ATM around 2 Gbps has also fostered the evolution to new protocol stacks like IP/SDH/WDM or IP/WDM. In the last case, there will be still some time where there is no direct interaction between the two layers (overlay model). The OTN seems to be the logical next step in the evolution of transport networks. This network will adopt the IP, WDM, or DWDM technologies architectured around four identifiable layers—the long-haul DWDM network, the metropolitan DWDM network, the access DWDM network, and the customer premises network (this one with different coexisting access technologies). Although the IP and WDM technologies are believed to be dominant in the future, deployed networks are not going to change radically, and they will be introduced gradually following an evolutionary path. Such evolution scenarios will be determined by the advances in the already mentioned OTNs as well as by initiatives like the NGI and I2. The NGI initiative is a U.S. program involving federal agencies and academia intended for the research and development of new networking technologies exhibiting improved performance to create a new Internet testbed and to develop and demonstrate new applications not possible in today’s Internet. The I2 is a worldwide consortium with similar objectives. The transition period from the current services and network technologies will be characterized by the complexity of the network architecture as well as the
Network and Service Evolution Scenarios 29 heterogeneity of network elements. The key that will diversify network and service operators will be their ability to provide in an automatic and flexible way existing and new services, making the best use of their network infrastructure. Single technology network management system partly covers this functionality, whereas new integrated network management systems for single vendor elements have already emerged. However, real integrated management systems capable of managing multitechnology, multivendor network elements are still under development. In this context, service and network integrated management systems will be the key for service and network providers in order to help them to increase their revenues, by maximizing the usage of resources, allowing them to charge higher prices due to the corresponding service differentiation, and facilitating the introduction of new services. References [1] Hamdi, M., et al., “Voice Service Interworking for PSTN and IP Networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 37, No. 5, May 1999, pp. 104–111. [2] Prycker, M. D., and T. Van Landegem, “New Network Architectures,” Alcatel Telecommunications Review, 2nd Quarter, 1999. [3] Internet2, www.internet2.edu, December 2002. [4] ITU-T Recommendation G.114, “One-Way Transmission Time,” May 2000. [5] ITU-T Recommendation G.711, “Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) of Voice Frequencies,” November 1988. [6] ITU-T Recommendation G. 722, “7 kHz Audio-Coding Within 64 Kbps,” November 1988. [7] ITU-T Recommendation G.723.1, “Dual Rate Speech Coder for Multimedia Communications Transmitting at 5.3 and 6.3 Kbps,” March 1996. [8] ITU-T Recommendation G.729, “C Source Code and Test Vectors for Implementation Verification of the G.729 8 Kbps CS-ACELP Speech Coder,” March 1996. [9] ITU-T Recommendation H.261, “Video Codec for Audiovisual Services at px64Kbps,” March 1993. [10] ITU-T Recommendation H.263, “Video Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication,” February 1998. [11] ITU-T Recommendation E.431, “Service Quality Assessment for Connection Set-Up and Release Delays,” June 1992. [12] ITU-T Recommendation G.126, “Listener Echo in Telephone Networks,” March 1993. [13] ITU-T Recommendation G.131, “Control of Talker Echo,” August 1996.
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Page 7 and 8: Contents Foreword xv Preface xix Ac
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Page 21 and 22: Preface The integration of the Inte
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Gigabit Ethernet interface GbE prov
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the IETF extended the MPLambdaS fra
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ASON/ASTN. ITU-T will try to push t
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The proposed management solution is
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IP Over WDM Integration Mechanisms
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8 Management System Design and Impl
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Management System Design and Implem
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checking is done at the very beginn
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8.4.1 The Inventory Model The inven
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11 Evaluation of IP over WDM Manage
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Evaluation of IP over WDM Managemen
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system will still perform without i
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11.5.3.1 General Remarks The manage
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domains with different management t
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Integration of IP over WDM: The LIO
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ClientCTP Integration of IP over WD
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AstnTrail AstnTTP NL resource Integ
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At least two other possible solutio
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13 Future Developments and Challeng
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Future Developments and Challenges
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About the Editors Joan Serrat recei
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