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16 Deploying and Managing IP over WDM Networks with its pros and cons according to the different service types. IP dominates the LAN area, where all of the applications feed the users. SDH is used in the WAN area and specifically in the core network to multiplex mainly traditional telephony traffic, while ATM was used in the WAN to switch data-type traffic. In most cases, ATM worked on top of a physical layer, either SDH where traffic demands were higher than the least SDH traffic rate, STM-1, or 155 Mbps, or PDH for lower traffic rate demands. Thus, the integration of multiple layers was soon a reality forming stacks such as IP over ATM over SDH (IP/ATM/SDH) or IP over ATM over PDH (IP/ATM/PDH). In other words, most wide area traffic, including IP, is converted to ATM cells and then transported over SDH paths. This usually occurs because IP traffic needs to be multiplexed with ATM traffic or other TDM traffic to make transport cost effective. The rapid growth of the Internet market opened up many new market opportunities, and this was the main reason why ATM was squeezed between the IP and the SDH. IP is the driving force, and the demand for Internet bandwidth is increasing rapidly, reaching traffic rates of a gigabit per second for WAN environments. ATM technology reaches its limits around 2 Gbps due to the inner segmentation and reassembly (SAR) process of the ATM adaptation layer (AAL). AAL is responsible of segmenting and bringing together higher layer frames. In addition, ATM brings an extra overhead to IP being encapsulated using AAL5—the infamous cell tax, which is around 17%. In other words, the total real capacity of ATM virtual paths/channel available for IP traffic is being taxed by a significant percentage, visible especially in high transmission rates. New technologies have already emerged that are capable of transmitting IP directly over fiber using SDH framing. Such a protocol is packet over SONET/SDH (POS), which is capable of transmitting IP packets through SDH frames in all SDH rates—STM-1, STM-4 (622 Mbps), STM-16 (2.5 Gbps), and the maximum of STM-64 (10 Gbps). In other words, gigabit IP routers could be equipped with SDH line interface cards and can be connected either directly with each other (POS over dark fiber) or through a usual SDH network (POS over SDH). The overhead of POS is significant lower for IP traffic (around 6%) compared to ATM, but such interfaces are very expensive for the time being. In any case, the ATM layer is eliminated, resulting in the direct IP over SDH (IP/SDH) approach. One step further is the scenario of POS over DWDM, where mainly high-speed interfaces (e.g., STM-16 or STM-64) could let routers and switches connect directly into a DWDM system without going through the SDH network. So there will be cases where data and voice traffic are multiplexed by SDH before going over DWDM and cases in which IP and ATM data connect directly to DWDM without any interference from SDH. These are the main reasons why ATM is being thrown away from the core part of the WAN
networks and pushed only to the access part of the WAN, where it seems that it will stay for some years. ATM capable of producing virtual paths/channels with a determined peak cell rate can serve different low broadband rates, so as to aggregate the traffic to the SDH backbone. The move by telecom operators’ corporate customers into the IP world, and the need for interoperability between private and public networks, drives the telcos to adopt IP in their core networks as a means of unifying traffic types that are compatible with their customers’ networks. Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) is the new dominant fast-switching IP-enabling technology for the LAN and moreover for the MAN environment, putting aside the usual framing transmission techniques like SDH. At least for distances less than 100 km, GbE starts dominating the converged LAN and MAN data networks using only WDM or DWDM equipment as transport technology without any framing, resulting in IP over GbE over WDM (IP/GbE/WDM). GbE will reach traffic rates up to 10 Gbps, named for this reason 10-Gigabit Ethernet. WDM technology started being used mainly in point-to-point SDH WAN links, multiplying the capacity that a single fiber can transmit by using more than one wavelength in a single fiber. DWDM steps in nicely here by lowering the cost of necessary equipment and by solving the bandwidth bottleneck reached by the TDM limits. Besides the long-haul WDM mentioned earlier, WDM or DWDM equipment are now being employed into medium-haul or metropolitan areas as well, called metro WDM. Metro WDM will gradually throw aside the SDH equipment, mainly in the access part, feeding the WDM equipment with traffic. In a couple of years, WDM equipment will form the all-optical transport network in the backbone, functioning as an optical pipe multiplexing different types of signals such as GbE, ATM, and SDH. This will be the case sooner for competitive telecom operators. Incumbent telecom operators have invested significantly in SDH equipment, and there will be a longer period of time of them having both, sometimes as overlay networks, so that their investments are paid off. As far as the integration of IP with WDM, there will be a period of time where there is no direct interaction between the two layers, named the overlay approach or model. Integration of IP layer with WDM layer is still under research with approaches like MPLS and differentiated services (DiffServ) over DWDM and will be reported in detail hereafter. 2.4 Trends in Network Architectures 2.4.1 OTN Network and Service Evolution Scenarios 17 OTN [14] represents a natural next step in the evolution of transport networking. As an evolutionary result, optical transport networks will follow many of
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Management of the WDM Network Layer
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4.4.4 Management Interfaces Managem
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Management of the WDM Network Layer
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5 IP Over WDM Integration Mechanism
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STM1/ATM interface requirements. Fo
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IP router OLA The version of IP ove
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Gigabit Ethernet interface GbE prov
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the IETF extended the MPLambdaS fra
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ASON/ASTN. ITU-T will try to push t
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The proposed management solution is
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IP Over WDM Integration Mechanisms
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8 Management System Design and Impl
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Management System Design and Implem
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checking is done at the very beginn
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8.4.1 The Inventory Model The inven
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for any of the three WINMAN NMSs. T
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11 Evaluation of IP over WDM Manage
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Evaluation of IP over WDM Managemen
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system will still perform without i
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11.5.3.1 General Remarks The manage
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12 Integration of IP over WDM: The
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domains with different management t
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Integration of IP over WDM: The LIO
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ClientCTP Integration of IP over WD
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AstnTrail AstnTTP NL resource Integ
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12.4.1.1 TILAB Equipment Integratio
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At least two other possible solutio
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13 Future Developments and Challeng
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Future Developments and Challenges
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About the Editors Joan Serrat recei
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