14 possible violations of which it might be aware, <strong>to</strong> set its own priorities <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n <strong>to</strong> choose <strong>the</strong> strategies best suited <strong>to</strong> achiev<strong>in</strong>g its stated goals. The WASH Cluster, whose mission is <strong>to</strong> make every effort <strong>to</strong> improve <strong>and</strong> better coord<strong>in</strong>ate <strong>the</strong> response <strong>to</strong> <strong>human</strong>itarian emergencies, has identified a gap <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> knowledge its members have of key <strong>human</strong> <strong>right</strong>s <strong>and</strong> how <strong>to</strong> use such knowledge <strong>to</strong> improve <strong>the</strong>ir advocacy work. This book has been specifically drafted as a <strong>to</strong>ol for use <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field <strong>to</strong> assist <strong>and</strong> promote such advocacy endeavours. It should be noted that references <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>right</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>water</strong> <strong>in</strong> this publication <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>the</strong> <strong>right</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>sanitation</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>right</strong> <strong>to</strong> hygiene even when <strong>the</strong>se are not explicitly spelled out each time <strong>the</strong> <strong>right</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>water</strong> is mentioned. © ACF - THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
INTRODUCTION Introduction 1. What constitutes an “<strong>emergency</strong>”? Each year more than 30 million people flee <strong>the</strong>ir homes as a result of conflict <strong>and</strong> natural disasters; <strong>and</strong> more than 200 million people are affected by natural hazards 1 . In <strong>the</strong> current global situation, characterized by conditions of <strong>in</strong>equity <strong>and</strong> extreme poverty, environmental degradation <strong>and</strong> climate change have brought about an <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> occurrence of natural disasters such as l<strong>and</strong>slides, heavy ra<strong>in</strong>fall, hurricanes, drought, fires, <strong>and</strong> earthquakes 2 . As amply demonstrated by recent events, <strong>the</strong>y can affect anyone anywhere. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>emergency</strong> <strong>situations</strong> are becom<strong>in</strong>g more <strong>and</strong> more frequent, recurrent, diverse <strong>and</strong> difficult <strong>to</strong> def<strong>in</strong>e: natural hazards <strong>and</strong> armed conflict are no longer <strong>the</strong> only <strong>situations</strong> that have <strong>to</strong> be dealt with. Indeed, s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong> Cold War, some “new conflicts” have appeared on <strong>the</strong> horizon, such as anarchic or identity-related conflicts. In addition, natural disasters are often overplayed by conflict, or may be comb<strong>in</strong>ed with protracted livelihood <strong>in</strong>security. These elements all contribute <strong>to</strong> def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g what constitutes an “<strong>emergency</strong>”, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> widest sense of <strong>the</strong> term, with which <strong>human</strong>itarian agencies have <strong>to</strong> cope: “where <strong>and</strong> when a disaster provokes an immediate, exceptional <strong>and</strong> widespread threat <strong>to</strong> life, health or basic subsistence, which requires an <strong>in</strong>ternational response that goes beyond <strong>the</strong> m<strong>and</strong>ate or capacity of any s<strong>in</strong>gle agency <strong>and</strong>/or <strong>the</strong> ongo<strong>in</strong>g UN country programme 3 « 2. The challenge posed by <strong>water</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>sanitation</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>emergency</strong> <strong>situations</strong> In an <strong>emergency</strong>, <strong>in</strong>adequate <strong>water</strong> supplies <strong>and</strong> poor <strong>sanitation</strong> put lives at risk, <strong>and</strong> <strong>water</strong> – <strong>the</strong> supreme life-susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g element – can become a source of major concerns. Human excreta are noxious <strong>and</strong> can become one of <strong>the</strong> foremost causes of disease if not safely disposed of, out of <strong>human</strong> contact <strong>and</strong> away from <strong>water</strong> sources. Consequently, <strong>water</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>sanitation</strong> are critical determ<strong>in</strong>ants for survival immediately after <strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>itial stages of a disaster. People affected by disasters are generally much more susceptible <strong>to</strong> illness <strong>and</strong> death from diseases related <strong>to</strong> <strong>in</strong>adequate <strong>sanitation</strong>, <strong>in</strong>sufficient <strong>water</strong> supplies <strong>and</strong> poor hygiene. Moreover, availability of sufficient clean <strong>water</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> immediate aftermath of a disaster is crucial <strong>in</strong> order <strong>to</strong> take care of <strong>the</strong> sick, provide for <strong>human</strong> consumption <strong>and</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> basic hygiene, support search <strong>and</strong> rescue efforts, <strong>and</strong> ensure that productive <strong>and</strong> commercial activities get back <strong>to</strong> normal. In addition, <strong>the</strong> lack of <strong>water</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>water</strong> facilities often adversely affects <strong>the</strong> dignity of those caught up <strong>in</strong> emergencies. 1 / UNDP Human Development Report 2007/2008, Fight<strong>in</strong>g Climate Change: Human Solidarity <strong>in</strong> a Divided World. 2 / The latest World Disaster Report <strong>in</strong>dicates that disasters (exclud<strong>in</strong>g wars, conflict-related fam<strong>in</strong>e, disease or epidemic) have <strong>in</strong>creased constantly <strong>in</strong> Asia, Africa, Europe <strong>and</strong> Oceania s<strong>in</strong>ce 1997, even if Asia rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> most frequently hit cont<strong>in</strong>ent <strong>in</strong> 2006, account<strong>in</strong>g for 42 per cent of <strong>the</strong> year’s disasters. The last decade saw a number of major disasters that caused a huge number of deaths: <strong>the</strong> Indian Ocean tsunami, 2004 (226,408 deaths); a heat wave <strong>in</strong> Europe, 2003 (more than 70,000 deaths); floods <strong>in</strong> Venezuela, 1999 (30,000 deaths); three earthquakes: one <strong>in</strong> Iran, 2003 (Bam: 26,796 deaths), one <strong>in</strong> India, 2001 (Gujarat: 20,005 deaths), one <strong>in</strong> Turkey, 1999 (Izmir: 17,127 deaths); <strong>and</strong> a hurricane <strong>in</strong> Central America, 1998 (Mitch: 18,791 deaths). 3 / Def<strong>in</strong>ition endorsed at <strong>the</strong> Inter-Agency St<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g Committee (IASC) Pr<strong>in</strong>cipals Meet<strong>in</strong>g, December 1994. © ACF - THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS 15