the human right to water and sanitation in emergency situations

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86 Table 12 - Checklist: Which aspects of the human right to water are affected 121 ? Checking quality - “The water required for each personal or domestic use must be safe, therefore free from micro-organisms, chemical substances and radiological hazards that constitute a threat to a person’s health 122 ”. - What are and where are the water sources? - Is the water source protected against contamination? - Is the water visibly contaminated with excrement or waste; is the water source at risk of contamination? - Do people have to take care of their personal hygiene or wash their clothes directly at the water source? - Do animals also use the water source? Is there any protection against animals accessing it? - Is household, agricultural or industrial wastewater discharged into the water source? - Do people have access to safe sanitation, such as improved latrines or sewerage systems? - Is the water supply system regularly maintained? Is water quality regularly controlled? - Is the water treated to make it fit for human consumption? Do people know how to treat the water to make it safe and do they have the means to do so? - Does water have to be stored, for example because there is no continuous supply? Is the way in which water is stored safe? - Is assistance given to communities relying on non-piped water sources to help them conserve water quality? - Is there any national standard for water quality? Is it adhered to? - Are there any specific issues related to water quality in the country (arsenic, fluoride…)? - Is there any information at water point level to warn about bad water quality (i.e. in Bangladesh and Cambodia, pumps with arsenic have red warning signs painted on them)? - Are there any particular beliefs associated to water sources? Checking acceptability - “Water should be of an acceptable colour, odour and taste for each personal or domestic use”. - Have people complained about the smell, taste or appearance of the water? - Do people use different water sources for different activities due to colouring at one of the water points? - Have people returned to their initial water source, due to the smell and taste of chlorine in the treated water source? - Are there any particular beliefs associated to the colour or taste of water? 121/ This list has been adapted from the brochure “ Identifying and Addressing Violations of the Human Right to Water – Applying the Human Rights Approach”, FoodFirst Information and Action Network (FIAN), and Bread for the World 122/ All excerpts are taken from General Comment 15, paragraph 12. © ACF - THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
Checking availability of sufficient and continuous water supply - “The water supply for each person must be sufficient and continuous for personal and domestic uses 123 ” - Is there a water source in the immediate vicinity of the home? - How much water is available per person per day? - Is the available water quantity restricted? Is there enough clean water not only for drinking, but also for cooking and personal hygiene? - Is water always available or only during certain periods? - Are people often disconnected? Are there alternative sources of water that can be used if this occurs? - Are there often breakdowns of the water supply? How long do they last and are they automatically repaired? Checking physical accessibility - “Sufficient, safe and acceptable water must be accessible within, or in the immediate vicinity, of each household, educational institution and workplace. (…) Physical security should not be threatened during access to water facilities and services.” - Is there a water source within physical reach? Are water collection points close enough to where people live? - How much time do people spend on collecting water, including waiting time at the source? - Is it safe to go to the source and to use it, or do people have to fear harassment or physical violence? - Is it safe for women, children and vulnerable people to collect water alone? Checking economic accessibility - “Water, and water facilities and services, must be affordable for all”. - What is the cost of water and/or connection fees? Have prices risen a lot recently? - How much of their income do people spend on water? - How high are prices compared to the minimum wage? - Are prices controlled or fixed by public authorities? - Are there subsidies or similar mechanisms that lower the cost of provision of the basic water supply? - Is there a free basic supply for those who are unable to pay? - Is the water point accessible for the handicapped, the elderly, children, pregnant women and, in general, vulnerable people? Checking non-discrimination - “Water and water facilities and services must be accessible to all, including the most vulnerable or marginalized sections of the population, in law and in fact, without discrimination on any of the prohibited grounds”. - Is access to water denied to some groups because of their race, sex, national or social origin, or other reasons? - Is there discrimination in legislation or in any government policy and practice that violates the human right to water of particular groups or individuals? - In case of armed conflict, is the right of prisoners and detainees to water guaranteed? - Are some people discriminated against (e.g. because of HIV/AIDS)? - Are women discriminated against because of lack of proper consideration of the need for privacy? 123/ Ibid. - Part 3 - Advocacy on the right to water and sanitation in emergencies © ACF - THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS 87
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THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITA
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ACkNOWlEDGMENTS Acknowledgments The
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Foreword fOREWORD Access to safe dr
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Table of contents 6.7. Responsibili
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lIST Of CASE STUDIES AND CONCRETE E
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IHL International Humanitarian Law
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ExECUTIvE SUMMARY Executive summary
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Introduction dimension to the reali
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