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Wu, A ., Henderson, B .E ., Pike, M .C ., and Yu, M .C ., "Smoking and other Risk Factors for Lung Cancer in Women," Journal of the National Cancer Institute 74(4) : 747-751, 1985 . In 1985, Wu and colleagues reported on a case-control study of women in a Los Angeles, California tumor registry . For adenocarcinoma, the authors wrote, "we did not observe any elevated risk associated with passive smoke exposure . . . at work (RR = 1 .3 ; 95% CI = 0 .5-3 .3) ." http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wyk81f00/pdf
Smoking and Other Risk Factors for Lung Cancer In Women '-1 Anne H . Wu, Ph .D ., 3 Brian E . Htndason, M .D ., 3 Malcolm C . Pike, Ph .D ., 3' and Mimi C . Yu, Ph.D . 3' , ABSTRACT-A oas&-control study among wh+t• won»n in Los Anfl .lau County was conduct .d to inv .stipate tM rot . of tmokinp +nd othsr factors in tha etiology of lung cancyr in womirn . A total of 149 pati.nts with ao.nowrcinoma (ADC) and 71 patt .nU with squamous cell urc noma (5CC) of the lung and their ap.- and sea-match .d controls were tnt*rvi.w.d Personal cigarette smoking accountrd for almost all of SCC and about halt of ADC in ttm study populat on . Among nonsmokers, slightly tlevat .d r.lat v . rtsk(s) (RR) for ADC were observed for paas vw smoke rxpoaure from spouse(s) IRR=1 .2, 95'r conf d .nce interval (CI)=0 .5 . 3,3] and at work (RR=1 .3, 95% CI=0 .5, 3 .3) Childhood pneumonia (RR=2 .7, 95% Ct=1 .i . 6 7) and ch ldhood .xposura to coal burning (RR=2 .3, 45% CI=1 .0 . 5 5) were add t onal risk factors for ADC, For both ADC and SCC, increased risks were assocuted w th decreased intake of S-carotsne foods but not for total preformed vitamin A foods and vitamin supplements -JNCI tpb5, 74 .747-751 Lung cancer is now the fourth most common cancer in women (1) and has been projected to be the lading cause of cancer mortaliry among women by the mid•1980's (2) . Causes of lung cancer, other than cigarette smoking (3), have not been clearly identified, but associations with exposure to passive smoking (4-6), exposure to combustion products of heating and cooking fuels (7), and occupational exposures (8-JO) have been suggested . In addition, lung "scamng" (11) and a low dietary intake of S•carotene (12-1 t) and preformed vitamin A(13-17) may increase the risk of lung eancer . This paper reports a case-control study of ADC and SCC of the lung in white females in Los Angeles County . Each of the above•mentioned factors was investigated . METHClqS Female patients diagnosed with primary ADC or SCC of the lung were prospectively identified by the CSP, the population-based tumor registry for Los Angeles County (18), between April 1, 1981, and August 31, 1982 . On the basis of information collected routinely by the CSP, we limited eligibility to white Los Angeles County residents, with no history of cancer (other than non-melanoma skin ctncer) and under age 76 at diagnosis ; we verified these variables at interview . We also excluded cases if they were born outside the United States, Canada, or Europe ; were not English•speaking ; or were not residents of Los Angeles County at the date of diagnosis . A total of 490 eligible ©ses were identified . Of these patients, 190 had died or were too ill to participate by the time we contacted their attending physician . Permission was granted to contact 272 of the remaining 300 patients . Eight patients were not located, and 44 refused to be interviewed so that we obtained completed questionnaires on 220 . On the basis of information on the CSP absuact, no significant differences were noted between http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wyk81f00/pdf those interviewed and those not interviewed in terms of age, marital status, religion, and smoking status recorded on medical records . However, those who were not interviewed were more likely to have distant metastases at the time of diagnosis (58`£) compared to those who were interviewed (11%), Comparable percentages of eligible SCC (43%) and ADC (46%) patients were interviewed . We selected one individually matched neighborhood control for each interviewed case . The control had to fulfill all the criteria given above for cases (with reference date taken to be the same as that of the matching case) and, in addition, was matched with the case on date of birth (t5 yr of birth date) . Our control selection algorithm defined a specified sequence of houses to be visited in the neighborhood where the case lived at date of diagnosis . Our goal was to interview the first eligible resident in this sequence . If no one was home at the time of the visit, we left an explanatory letter and made a follow-up visit after several days . For any patient, 80 housing units were visited and 3 return visits were made before failure to secure a matched control was conceded . In 150 instances the first eligible person agreed to participate, in 55 instances the second eligible control in the sequence was interviewed, and in 15 instances the third eligible control was interviewed . Cases and controls were interviewed on the telephone with the use of a structured questionnaire designed to elicit information on personal smoking habits, exposure to passive tobacco smoke, lung diseases, dietary intake of vitamin A, types of heating and cooking fuels ever used, and reproductive history . We also obtained a lifetime history of all jobs (job title, activities, and exposure) of at least 6 months' duration . For childhood passive smoking exposure, we asked about the smoking habits (i .e ., amount and years of smoking) of father, mother, or other household members AtsREI'tAT1oNs USED : ADC- adenoeardnoena ; Q -eonfitlettce intenzl ; CSP-Univenity of Southern California/L,oc Angeles County Cancer Surveillance PTorram ; RRxrrlauve risk(s); SCCmtqtumous eell car• dnoma . tRereived June 11, 1984 ; revirrd Novembct 26 . 1984 ; «cepted December 11, 1984 . =5upported by grant S163 from the American Carscer Society . sDepartment of Family and Ptrverttive Medicine, Univenity of Southern Califomia School of Medicine, Parkview Medical Buildtna B, 2025 Zonal Ave ., Laa Anaeles, CA 90031 . "Pruent addreu : Impetul Cancer Research Fund's Cancer Epide' mioloip Unit, Ra.dcliffe infirtnary, Oxford University, Oxford OX2 6HE, Entland . s We thank the word•pro«uing pool for preparation of the manu . acip4 747 JNC1 . VOL 74 . NO . 4. APiUL 1965
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