0 0 e . 0 , 1 years (7`` ,6) with a similar proportion of controls in this age group . As noted pre• viousl} .,= the age distribution in this series of female Lifetime never smokers with <strong>lung</strong> <strong>cancer</strong> is older than all female <strong>lung</strong> <strong>cancer</strong> cases in the Surveillance, Epidemiolog}•, and End Results (SEER) Pn} gram, 1973 through 1988 .° The largest proportions of hulg <strong>cancer</strong> cases (58 .5%) and controls (61 .1%) were Tahite. A larger proportion of cases were uelf-identilled as Asian American and Hispautic and a arnaller proportion as A5-ican American (btacks) compared with convrols . Approaimately 42% of cases and 38% of controls reported an annual household income of less than L20000 per ye.u'• Compared wit}t controls, <strong>lung</strong> <strong>cancer</strong> cases tended to have A lower level of education : 66.35-r of cases and 52 .6% of controls had no more than a high school education . Table 2 displays the estimated RRs of <strong>lung</strong> <strong>cancer</strong> associated aith ever living aith a spouse who smoked by type of tobacco . A 30% excess risk associated with tobacco use by spouse(s) was ob- 6erved for all histopathologic types of <strong>lung</strong> <strong>cancer</strong> combined (adjusted OR=129 ; P< .05), for adenocarcinoma of the <strong>lung</strong> (adjusted OR=1 .28 ; P< .05), and for primary <strong>lung</strong> carcinomas other than adenorxrcinoma (adjusted OR=1 .37 ; P= .18). The only individual types of tobacco asnorinted with sigllificantly elevated risks of <strong>lung</strong> <strong>cancer</strong> are cigar- and pipe-smoke <strong>exposure</strong> for bronchogenic carzinornas other than adenoc$rcinoma : cigars, adjust .ed OR=1 .88 and PS .01 ; pipe, adjusted ORtt1 .79 and P= .Q2 . The estimated RRs of <strong>lung</strong> <strong>cancer</strong> associated with pack-years of <strong>exposure</strong> to spousal ETS are presented in Table 3 . 1nc:,easing risk of <strong>lung</strong> <strong>cancer</strong> with increasing pack-years of spousal ETS <strong>exposure</strong> is observed for all <strong>lung</strong> carcinomas combined and for the two histopathologic subgroups . The risk estimates are similar within the histopathologic subgroups ; however, the trend is 6ignificant only for all <strong>lung</strong> canc<strong>ets</strong> combined (P= .03) and pulmonary adenocarcinoma (P< .05) . When the analysis was restricted to selfrespondents only, similar estimates of risk of <strong>lung</strong> <strong>cancer</strong> were observed with a trend of increasing risk of <strong>lung</strong> <strong>cancer</strong> at inavasing levels of <strong>exposure</strong> (P= .03) . Exposure to ETS during childhood and adult life 5rom multiple sources was evaluated . The risks of <strong>lung</strong> <strong>cancer</strong> aasociated with household ETS <strong>exposure</strong>s during cluldhood as a resuh of father, mother, or other household member amoking are shown in Table 4 . None of the RR estimates sigTtiScantly dit7ers 5rom unity . The association of cumulative years of household <strong>exposure</strong> to ETS during childhood with <strong>lung</strong> <strong>cancer</strong> riek was evahtated (Table 5) . No increased riik was associated with Tcw. A -Auaooatron 9 .n,ran Rw.k rrt t_unq Car+c.r .rw Cntrarwod Ewosr,r* to Tooaao Smok. Arno.p Noaurnok,nq Wo"n' twr amolud Tob .coo c.,. . wo .Erpo..d Oic . Wt C.wt CswO+, wo[ryo . .a Ib . a[ Controu t7„A. oA (fdA Cl) ~~xCt~ All luv prCinOrtYt Fat7wr JWKAJ 6169/1225 0 65 10 70-1 03) 0 63 t0 67 • 1 021 ) Aicmu 7b624 161/1240 OC9f069,12A 1 Oi61062,t161 o,.r no,,..nao R»n,o.rz 1311517 26411263 0 0 (0 7o- 1 z5/ 1,03 io 6a132) A„1y nm,,,hao r+,.rnb.r 3 77,606 aoa'12a6 0 ea to n•1 07) 0 es l0 rr1 101 As .r»ara~~ . Fam.r zamae6 e6al rns 0m7to7o-1o7) 0az(ocslw Wn,.r ou, .r Ntm, . .now r,,.mom Any nou.4„oa ,n,mc,r G+.wr htelao0w cyp.: Fatn.r blo4v r OC»r tea0.fwU m.mOSrs Ayno,,..no+drr»mw' 6aabo 10111240 0f6(070-132) 042(065•129i ea/ .71 t6c,1253 0 r6 to 74 .125) 0 es to 7s 1 aor zao-ses 806,1238 0 is to 6c-107) 0 as (0 6b 1 oe~ +sa1t7 6+6v12ss 0•n(05 .•110) 0calo6a1 .20( 16/1u 161/1240 0 64 (0AD•1 65) 061 (037-116) 2,Vtt6 YlW1251 1 0•7(071•1 .61) 1 19 (077•1 65) nn ;,7 .os'12a6 0e3(o6.•1aa 101to66•151t 'AOlustetl Fot Epe rsot t1uGy er .n *tl,c.st'on . 1rvIs "uDHS Md s+qpHmenu : wumm rdes tl .tury cno+suroW urnry tustory 04 k/ng unc .r anp rrmployrr»nl n tyqn-re . p=.T+atront OA mautn 0oas r .t,a CI oo0w.n~* ax.N . Tae,. 5-.4aaoa.u«, sah~..n Rmk ot Lunq Cancar " ChAdhood SmokwYSars of E*OSUro Anwnq Nonsrrmokirlp Women (Sen•rasponoents Onty)' ChllOfaod tmo~Y"rs CtuM oR A4jurMd OR ol How».MM Eapoaurs Ca.as GontroM ("1. CI) (f41. CI) AN kmp nrarlornu 0 148 ... 100 100 1•17 ss 291 asam73•1s2t oes(07s1as) ,16 146 aas o90(07o-117) 0t6(067 .116i Tr.no k . 56 TrnC R.,36 Aa«,oaaruhon>a 0 120 ... 100 1 00 1 .17 73 29+ oo3to67ns9 ; 0sato6slzv~ ae 123 .ea owro71•1sa, 0a9(06&11A) TrKW A, 66 Tror1C P*< /3 oe,.r n.aa~tycs 0 s6 u, t .oo 100 1•17 22 291 120(067•214) 1s2(o72•24 1, :16 23 aas o 75 (0 .3-t ss) o .ns (0 .7 .1 sa) Tr .M P. 13 Trsno Pr 56 •Atlµx1 .0 fa .0q rscee swoy ar.a . .bucaoon, huts rp .ud+s mW a.pp+.m.nu' vnam+n rW0x dyury ybist.rd . lanvy hrtory 0( k.ap urxnr, r•rstl .mpaymen/ n hgr.rxx Ocayrlt.orn O(i rd,cafts a0ds rato Ci, oonne .no* w.rva increasing duration of smoke <strong>exposure</strong> during clu7dhood . Cku7dhood smoke-years were urtlawwn for a large proportion (20%) of the interviews with proxy respondents and for 6% of the interviews conducted with the study aubject. For those interviews with data avat7a.ble to alclilate snwke-years, 54% of proxy respondent interviews ve 88% of direct study subject interviews reported no <strong>exposure</strong> during etu7dhood . The data presented, therefore, are for analyses restricted to self-respondents . No differences were ob6erved by pathology review ttat•us ; dietary cholesterol intake ; level of the fruits, vegetables, and aupplemenul vitamin use index ; age group; or educational attainnlent, Black study aubjert .e had a twofold elevation in risk ln the highest <strong>exposure</strong> category, and Alr'ans showed twofold reduction in risk at this level ; however, these two point eatirnates did not signi8cantly differ . Re- stricting years of ETS <strong>exposure</strong> during cht7dhood to those from the mother ytielded similar nonsig'rti6cant trends . Table 6 presents the estimated RRs aaaociated ait} : adult ETS <strong>exposure</strong> (ever exposed and years of <strong>exposure</strong> by in(b- .idual rotuces during adldt life) . Elevatiorw in risk are associated with increasing duration of <strong>exposure</strong> at home (trend P-.11), on the job (trend P= .001), and in social settings (trend P= .002) . TT1e inereased risk of <strong>lung</strong> <strong>cancer</strong> among women ever exposed to ETS during adult life in the household is 24% ; in occupational settings, M ; and in social nettings. 60'`.~ . The pattern of response is aimilar in the two histologic subgroups ; however, the tests of trend are statiatucally tigtli8cant only in the largest subgroup, pulmonary adenocarcinoma A,< shown in Table 7, when all sources of <strong>exposure</strong> to ETS dtu-ing adult life are . 1 ,w.v,. Ju1e 8 tASa-va 27 t, No 22 Toaacco S+11oke and lug Cance{--Fc*ltnam el aI 1T35 http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wyk81f00/pdf
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28 Mar.95 RWA/BRA C :\DATA\ETS\REGI
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II . Ba A } OU xo A] : 1993 . 11 .
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Intr.oduction _ :'t 0 1 933 ?8_8 PH
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Epidemioloaie Methodoloay, Fpi.demi
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General's Report, the 1986 U .S . N
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disease (bronchitis, pneumonia, ast
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ETS, such as banning of smoking, ha
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Brownson, R .C ., Alavanja, M .C .R
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- Page 133 and 134: CONTENTS Monday, Fcbruiry 19, 1990
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They coacluded that dicu.r~ $-ctrot
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GTS Z SdGZOZ tabl e 1 E viderrjioto
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3ource : Pron ot al ., 1988 http://
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~ UZSZSQGZOZ Exposed in Childhood :
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Table 7 . Power Calcuiation Odds Ra
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isk factoc of Interast and S the rs
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s a a M.SSIVE SMOKING ANll SMUKING
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Shimizu, H ., Morishita, M ., Mizun
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392 http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/
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I h 1 Environmental Tobacco Smoke a
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1or both wfy aad adult years . Tis
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i.diated thau the escivsion of adrs
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Smoking and Other Risk Factors for
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Smoking status TAtLE 2-Erporurr to
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,.' interviewed was murr likell to
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Wu-Williams, A .H ., Dai, X .D ., B
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