AREOPOLISZ - MEK - Országos Széchényi Könyvtár

a. Name, surname, date of birth, nationality, religion, studies, social position
b. The communists’ takeover
c. The system of quota and its effects
d. The figure of the agitator
e. The associations and the agricultural co-operative
f. Individual and group reactions
g. The effects of the new system
Károly István Novák:
The Mills of Cluj Mirrored by the City-accounts
at the End of the 16 th Century
The present study is trying to grasp a less known aspect of the Cluj economical history of the
16 th century, by presenting the mills, based on the city-accounts. The city of Cluj, situated in
the center of Transylvania, was a free-royal city in the 16 th
century, having important
privileges. In spite of its disadvantageous geographical position, Cluj had a fairly developed
system of guilds, a significant craftsmanship and an intensive international commerce. The citybooks
of Cluj (one of the first ones of such in Transylvania) constitute one of the most
important source materials for researches of these times. In these books we can find the
accounts which contain entries regarding the type, structure, the production capacity and the
mode of functioning of the mills, as well as other economical and financial notes. We can also
find there the administrative-financial reports of the mills with the city of Cluj. The analysis of
these data makes an important contribution to a more outlined image regarding the technology
of that age, the relationships between the professions, as well as the local effects of the
„revolution of the prices” in Europe.
András Lajos Róth:
The Commendation of the Mother Tongue in the 18 th Century
The study speaks about the activity of many Hungarian authors of different literary genres,
mainly from the 18 th century, authors who disclose why and under what circumstances they
create in their own language, especially in Hungarian („the born language”). The quoted
writers bring a contribution to the lifting of the Hungarian language to the literary standard
level. The Hungarian language in this century (18 th ) is still full of Germanisms and Latinisms.
The effort to establish the specialist language in various domains, like law, medicine,
philosophy, just like in the case of other languages was a hard road with the Hungarian
language too. This can be seen in the analyzed pieces of reading also. Scientists, theologists,
lay and ecclesiastical writers contribute to this, taking the risks to be criticized for their
mistakes by the posterity. This analysis seizes the triptych of ideas around which the whole
process of crystallization of the Hungarian literary language develops: the mother tongue,
patriotism and the nation, which is just being formed. The originality of the translations from
German, French or English lies in the fact that the translators while finding the adequate terms
for the Hungarian version, keeping the original meaning, many times filtering the ideas and
words through their soul’s prism they added to the initial sense also their own ideas, thus
creating genuine works for the Hungarian literature. They made this effort in the name of and
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