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ARIEIRA, Giovani de Oliveira. Nematode diversty in crop and soil managementsystems. 2012. 98 pages. Dissertação de Mestrado em Agronomia – UniversidadeEstadual de Londrina, Londrina, 2012.ABSTRACTNematodes are soil organisms sensitive to human intervention and widely used asbiological indicators of disturbances and changes in soil quality. They includeorganizations that participate in various food web in soil, classified primarily as plantparasitic,bacterial-feeding, fungal-feeding, carnivorous and omnivores, as to theirfeeding habits. Thus, this study aimed to quantify and qualify nematodes asbiological indicators in areas subjected to different cropping systems and tillage. Forthis purpose, soil samples were taken every 0.10 m at a depth of 0.0 to 0.30 m inareas subjected to two tillage systems (succession with soybean/wheat or croprotation) and five soil management systems (no-tillage, and conventional tillage withdisk plow, grade heavy cruiser and cruiser with no-tillage every three years). We alsoanalyzed a forest, as a reference for ecological balance. After identification andcounting in the laboratory, the nematode communities were characterized by:abundance, diversity, ecological maturity, trophic structure and soil food webcondiction. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test at5% of significance level to check the isolated and combined effects of managementand cropping systems. The abundances of nematodes guilds were subjected tomultivariate analysis (Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis) todetermine the similarity between ecosystems in terms of agricultural practicesadopted. The nematodes were concentrated in the surface layers of soil, with aninverse relationship with depth. The forest showed a community with a higherdiversity of agricultural parcels and a lower dominance. Among the parcels, those inthe crop rotation had the most diverse communities, especially when there was areduction of soil disturbance. All communities were dominated by bacterial andparasitic nematodes of plants at all depths, with low occurrence of carnivorous andomnivorous nematodes. The index MI, MI2-5 and PPI differentiated agriculturalsystems in the surface layer, with greater maturity in areas under crop rotation.Communities showed high level of structure at all depths and high enrichment inlayers 0-10cm and 10-20cm and are not good parameters to evaluate the differencesbetween the systems adopted.Key-words: Soil biodiversity. Bioindicators. Nematode communities. Free-livingnematodes. Plant-parasitic nematodes.
LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕESFigura 3.1 Abundância total de nematoides (número de indivíduos em 100 cm 3 desolo) em áreas submetidas a diferentes sistemas de culturas e manejo do solo ousob floresta.... ........................................................................................................... 53Figura 4.1 Estrutura trófica de comunidades de nematoides em áreas submetidas adiferentes sistemas de culturas e manejo do solo ou sob floresta... ........................ 69Figura 4.2 Perfil faunal (EI X SI) de comunidades de nematoides em áreassubmetidas a diferentes sistemas de culturas e manejo do solo ou sob floresta... .. 76Figura 4.3 Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) de guildas de nematoides emáreas submetidas a diferentes sistemas de culturas e manejo do solo ou sobfloresta...................................................................................................................... 78Figura 4.4 Análise de Agrupamento em dendrogramas de guildas de nematoides emáreas submetidas a diferentes sistemas de culturas e manejo do solo ou sobfloresta...................................................................................................................... 80
Page 2 and 3: GIOVANI DE OLIVEIRA ARIEIRADIVERSID
Page 4 and 5: GIOVANI DE OLIVEIRA ARIEIRADIVERSID
Page 6 and 7: AGRADECIMENTOSAgradeço primeiramen
Page 8 and 9: What gets us into trouble is not wh
Page 12 and 13: LISTA DE TABELASTabela 2.1 Hábitos
Page 14 and 15: SUMÁRIO1 INTRODUÇÃO ............
Page 16 and 17: 14em sistemas agrícolas. São orga
Page 18 and 19: 16hipóteses ecológicas sobre porq
Page 20 and 21: 18de leguminosas por Rhizobium sp.,
Page 22 and 23: 20crescimento microbiano; nematoide
Page 24 and 25: 222.1.4 Nematoides de vida livreOs
Page 26 and 27: 24b) DiversidadeUma primeira medida
Page 28 and 29: 26baseado na sua taxa de reproduç
Page 30 and 31: 28os valores c-p das famílias de n
Page 32 and 33: 30BONGERS, 1999).Se a primeira etap
Page 34 and 35: 32representam enriquecimento, estru
Page 36 and 37: 342.2 MANEJO DOS SOLOSO solo é um
Page 38 and 39: 36(SILVA et al., 2005).2.3.1 Prepar
Page 40 and 41: 38crescente, tanto por parte dos pe
Page 42 and 43: 40Stone e Silveira (2001) também a
Page 44 and 45: 423. ARTIGO A: DIVERSIDADE TAXONÔM
Page 46 and 47: 44abundances occurred in the topsoi
Page 48 and 49: 46rotação de culturas incluindo c
Page 50 and 51: 48perfil do solo é afetada pelo us
Page 52 and 53: 50Tabela 3.2. Abundância relativa
Page 54 and 55: 52Nas áreas de rotação, também
Page 56 and 57: 54Entre as parcelas agrícolas, hou
Page 58 and 59: 56no sistems DiCr em rotação de c
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58sistemas DiCr e Di, ambos em rota
Page 62 and 63:
60em comparação à utilização d
Page 64 and 65:
62Em relação aos efeitos dos cult
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64com baixa ocorrência de nematoid
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66do solo, assim como a disponibili
Page 70 and 71:
68Tukey a 5% de significância foi
Page 72 and 73:
70partir de 10cm. Isso pode ser jus
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72Considerando-se os índices utili
Page 76 and 77:
74Tabela 4.4. Índice de Parasitas
Page 78 and 79:
76Figura 4.2. Perfil faunal (EI X S
Page 80 and 81:
78Figura 4.3. Análise de Component
Page 82 and 83:
80Figura 4.4. Análise de Agrupamen
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825 CONCLUSÕES GERAISOs nematoides
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84BAUDER, J.W.; RANDAL, G.W.; SWAN,
Page 88 and 89:
86DE GOEDE, R.G.M.; VAN DIJK, T.S.
Page 90 and 91:
88GOSECO, C.G.; FERRIS, V.R.; FERRI
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90MANACHINI, B.; CORSINI, A.; BOCCH
Page 95 and 96:
93STONE, L.F.; SILVEIRA, P.M. Efeit
Page 97 and 98:
YEATES, G.W. Effects of plants on n
Page 99 and 100:
97ANEXO AVegetaçãonativaParcelasa
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