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Chapter III CHN Analysis, FT IR ….. dispersive type based on diffraction gratings. Due to the advent of Fourier Transform technology, the scenario is completely changed. Photometers based on interference filters also find applications in measuring the composition of gases and atmospheric contaminants. Before the appearance of these new instruments, the mid-infrared frequency region of the spectra were largely used for organic qualitative analysis and structural determination based on absorption spectrum. Nowadays, the mid-infrared spectroscopy is used for quantitative analysis for complex samples by both absorption and emission spectrometry. In addition to this the mid-infrared spectral regions find applications in microscopic studies of surfaces, analysis of solids by attenuated total reflectance and diffuse reflectance, photo-acoustic instruments and others [2]. The infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum extends from the red end of the visible spectrum to the microwave region. Infrared spectral region can be divided into three regions; near-infrared, mid-infrared and far- infrared. Table (3.2) gives the details of different infrared spectral regions. Molecular vibrations are falling into basic categories of stretching and bending. A stretching vibration involves a continuous change in the inter-atomic distance along the axis of bond between two atoms. However, the bending vibrations are characterized by a change in the angle between two bonds, which are of four types, scissoring, rocking, wagging and twisting in the figure (3.2). Because of the interaction with infrared radiation, portions of the incident radiation are absorbed at particular wavelengths. The multiplicity of vibrations occurring simultaneously produces a highly complex absorption spectrum, which is a unique characteristic of the overall configuration of the atoms as well. 127
Chapter III CHN Analysis, FT IR ….. Details of assignments of different frequencies with different vibrations of bonds, such as H-O, N-H, C=O, C-C, C-H etc are given in detail by many authors [1-5]. Spectral regions Table 3.2 Different infrared spectral regions and its applications. Wave numbers (cm -1 ) Near-infrared 12,800 - 4000 Mid-infrared 4000 - 200 Far-infrared 200 - 10 Type of Measurement 128 Analysis Type sample Diffuse reflectance Quantitative Solid or liquid materials Absorption Quantitative Gaseous mixtures Absorption Qualitative Gaseous, liquid or solid organic compounds. Complex gaseous, liquid or solid mixtures. Reflectance Qualitative Pure solid or liquid Emission Quantitative compounds Atmospheric samples Adsorption Qualitative Pure inorganic or metal-organic species Symmetrical stretching Asymmetrical stretching Scissoring in Twisting out of plane Rocking in plane Wagging out of plane Figure: 3.2 Various stretching and bending modes of vibrations in molecule.
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Statements Under O. Ph.D.7 of Saura
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author expresse
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in-law, Mother- in -law and all oth
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of NLO materials in rapidly develop
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doped samples in comparison to the
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micro-hardness decreases. Also, as
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Papers Published in National and In
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Seminar on Recent Advances in Conde
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Chapter II Solution Growth…. Tabl
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Load (N) Chapter VIII Micro-hardnes
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