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Chapter VI UV-Vis Spectroscopic…. Figure: 6.2 Schematic representation of different particle size dependences for phase- matchable and non-phase matchable materials. By omitting all parameters, which are identical due to using the same experimental set up, powder size etc., the equations are simplified as [2], 2 2 d l 2 I .. ext ijk c 2 rˆ . 2 , for not phase matchable rˆ >> l (6.11) 2 2 2 2 and I . .. d 4 . ext PM PM 6.3 Some Prominent NLO Crystals , for phase matchable rˆ >> sin 229 PM (6.12) Traditionally, the materials used to measure second order nonlinear optical behavior are inorganic crystals, such as, lithium niobate (LiNbO3) [3, 4], potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) [5], ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) [6, 7], potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) [8]. The NLO family is expanding very rapidly; however, it is difficult to cover all different types of NLO materials crystals reported in the literature. However, different types of NLO materials in terms of their NLO properties are described in detail in chapter-1. As already discussed earlier potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4 or KDP) single crystals have a high laser damage threshold, a large nonlinear optical coefficient, good structural quality and mechanical properties,
Chapter VI UV-Vis Spectroscopic…. KDP crystals find several device applications. The electro-optic effect in KDP is used to obtain phase and amplitude modulations [9, 10]. The acousto-optic tunable filters have been developed using KDP [11]. Organic materials also have been shown better nonlinear optical properties. All the compounds in this class contain an optically active carbon atom and, therefore, all of them form acentric crystals. All the crystals were optically biaxial and among them several gave second harmonic signals greater than quartz. The popular organic NLO material crystals are 4- dimethylamino-4-methyl-4-stilbazoliumtosylate [12], p-hydroxyacetophenone [13], methyl-p-hydroxybenonate [14], 3-methyl 4-nitropyridine 1-oxide [15]. Urea L-Malic acid (ULMA) crystals have been grown from aqueous solution employing the techniques of solvent evaporation and slow cooling [16]. De Matos Gomes et al [17] have reported that ULMA crystal has SHG efficiency three times greater than that of KDP. Another interesting class of crystals receiving wider attention in recent past is the semi organic crystals. L-arginine phosphate monohydrate (LAP) is a popular semi-organic NLO material first introduced by Chinese material scientists in 1983 [18]. LAP crystals caught the attention of many researchers because of their high nonlinearity, wide transmission range, high conversion efficiency and high damage threshold [19, 20]. Yokotani et al [21] have reported the synthesis and growth of deuterated LAP (DLAP) crystals for experiments of higher harmonic generation. As already discussed in chapter-I, amino acid exhibits specific features of interest [22] such as, (i) molecular chirality, which secures non-centro symmetric crystallographic structure, (ii) absence of strongly conjugated 230
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Statements Under O. Ph.D.7 of Saura
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author expresse
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in-law, Mother- in -law and all oth
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of NLO materials in rapidly develop
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doped samples in comparison to the
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micro-hardness decreases. Also, as
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Papers Published in National and In
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Seminar on Recent Advances in Conde
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Chapter I Brief Introduction... Cha
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Chapter II Solution Growth…. Tabl
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Chapter VIII Micro-hardness studies
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Load (N) Chapter VIII Micro-hardnes
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