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676 Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden son (Bognera). Anubiadeae Engl. (1876) (Anubias more foul-scented and caustic than many other spe- Schott) and Zantedeschieae are restricted to Africa, cies, and may in part account for less breakage by while the Spathicarpeae are restricted to southern deterring animals from the plant. South America. In some cases DieJ7enbachia may grow in standing water. In such cases the stems may be rather MORPHOLOGY OF VEGETATIVE STRUCTURES deeply buried in the mud. Some species, such as IIABIrF AND GROWTH PATTERNS D. grayumiana, are frequent in wet habitats, but most species thrive in well-drained soils. The genus Dieffenbachia is always terrestrial and caules- is seldom found on road embankments, a habitat cent (Croat, 1988 [1990]). In terms of growth be- that is very common for species of Anthurium and havior and habit, Dieffenbachia is not as variable Philodendron. This is perhaps because the two latas Philodendron, a related genus, but sterile plants ter, principally hemi-epiphytic genera can more disassociated with notes about habit can be con- easily become estal)lished on the excessively wellfused with those of Philodendron. Stems of Dieffen- drained and poor clay soils of typical road embachia are erect, at least on the younger portions, bankments in the Neotropics. with older portions of the stem typically becoming Development in Dieffenbachia is never heterodecumbent. This creeping portion of the stem is blastic. Instead, changes in internode size and leaf sometimes even longer than the erect portion (Fig. size progress without any marked changes in blade 23A). The overall height of any species is usually shape. However, leaf blades of Dieffenbachia that determined by the thickness, strength, and rigidity ultimately become ( ordate at the base are at first of the stem. Typically, species such as D. burgeri, simple and acute to obtuse at the base. D. hammelii, and most plants of D. oerstedii, with small-diameter stems, do not get to more than 1 m tall nor do they usually have stems more than 2.5 STEMS cm in diameter. Alternatively, the taller species like Internodes are ty)ically about as long as broad D. horichii, D. Ion;,Xisl)atha, and D. standleyi have or even shorter tl(l] broad. Sometimes, as in the thick stems and reach heights of 2 to 3.5 m. Cul- case of D. galdan7(.siae, petioles are affixed to the tivated plants growing in a pot and unable to be- stem at an oblique tlngle and the internodes are not come reclined at the base can grow to indefinite of equal width acloss the diameter of the stem. Inheight. A plant of D. standleyi cultivated in the stead, one side is as much as 1 cm wider than the greenhouse of the Missouri Botanical Garden grew other. Most commolllyX internodes are glossy to seup the side of a wall from a pot to the height of 8 miglossy and smooth though they may be minutely m. roughened, appearing with a somewhat weak vel- The portion of the stem that comes in contact vety sheen, as in tlle case of D. oerstedii. Though with the ground becomes rooted at the nodes, but for most species tlle internodes remain moderately stems are rarely buried. Instead, the stems usually glossy even in age, when fresh, the internodes may creep over the surface of the ground. The growth change promptly. 1 n D. obscurinervia, the stem, behavior often leads to vegetative reproduction, though initially semiglossy, promptly becomes since on some species the creeping portion of the etched in a deep, areolate pattern to such an extent stem tends to produce active branch buds that form that the stem becomes matte and is conspicuously new growth. Another feature that tends to induce scurfy. additional branching is the often fragile stem ex- Cataphylls are never present on Dieffenbachia. tending laterally over the ground, which may be Instead, the new growth on stems of Dieffenbachia broken by being walked on by animals. Broken is protected by the sheathing petiole of the precedstems invariably produce new branches. These re- ing leaf. sults often cause Dieffenbachia to grow in large col- Stem color varies considerably between species onies, especially in open, better illuminated areas and even within populations of the same species. of the understory of a forest, along stream banks or Species such as D. Iongispatha, which typically in open swamps. Examples of colonial growth occur possess stems that are solid green, can sometimes in D. crebripistillata, D. isthmia, D. killipii, and D. be variegated with paler colors. Typically, stem col- Oerstedii. Some species, such as the taller D. Ion- or variegation is in the form of streaks rather than gispatha (to 3.5 m), are usually less colonial. This mottling. The stem may be relatively dark green is perhaps because it is a species with a large, stout with even darker streaks, in which case the motstem that is less likely to be broken up by the el- tling would not be too apparent, or, as is more freements. This species also has a thicker sap that is quently the case, it may be streaked with pale
Volume 91, Number 4 2004 %()111P .S[)e('itX,% (1). (/(lVi(lss(i, 1). ,s(^grilitl(') llclVC tilC [)e.t- iole sheclll free-en(lillg (K'igS. t
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762 , C72 89° 86° 83° 80° 77°
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