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684 bachia in Middle America is perhaps explained by its historic remoteness from existing large land masses to the north and to the south. The distribution of modern aroid species suggests that the northwestern part of Middle America may have been isolated from Costa Rica in the area of the San Juan Depression (Nicaragua). Many of the species that occ ur in Costa Rica or Panama enter into Nicaragua in only a small area in the southeastern Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden in the United States in Florida, California, and Ha- . . WAll . TAXONOMIC TREATMENT Dieffenbachia Schott, Wiener Z. Kunst 3: 820. 1829. TYPE: Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott. Seguinurn Raf., F1. Tellur. 3: 66. 121t36 [1837]. TYPE: Separt of the country. Though the existing flora of guinurn rnaculaturn Raf. {= Oieffenbachia seguine Guatemala (loes not reflect isolation from Mexico to (Jacq.) Schott]. Maguirea A. D. Hawkes, Bull. rFOIey Bot. Club 75: 635. the same (legree, it is possible that the more ele- 1948. TYPE: Maguirea spathi((lrpoides A. D. Hawkes vated portions of Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Hon- [Diefafenbachia palud icola N . F3. Br.]. duras were isolated from major portions of Mexico by the Isthlnus of Tehuantepec. With no endemic Terrestrial; caudices thick, often elongate and Mexican sy)ecies, the Dieffienbachia flora reveals prostrate, rooting at the lower nodes, the older porless endemism than does Anthurium (Croat, 1983a) tions of the stem trailing across the surface of the or Philoden(lron (Croat, 1997). Both Mexican Dief- ground, often for considerable (listances; sap often fenbachia ale relatively widespread, with D. oerste- milky and frequently with valyillg concentrations of dii ranging to Panama (Fig. 29) and D. wendlandii oxalic acid, with conspicuous; annular leaf scars. ranging to l'ananla (Fig. 28). Petioles elongate, amplexicaule slleathed to the mid- The reluaining Costa Rican and Panamanian dle or sometimes to the apex; s;lleath unequal and species not allea(ly discussed above appear not to often free-ending at apex; leave o; c lustered in a tight have stron> tlffinilies with South American species whorl at the stem apex; I)lel e1e .s ovate to oblongand clearly (lo not have affinities with othel Cenllal ovate, elliptic, oblanceolate. ol ol)ovateX acuminate American sy)e( ies. On the other hand, there are at apex, acute to obtuse to lous(le(l at base, typically subcoriaceous, someli llle S val iegated throughsome, reltltively few, Central American species, out or in areas along the lzli(ll il) with paler colors; among thesl l). killil)ii, D. nitidipetiolata, and D. midrib raised on both siulltle ( s; primary lateral tonduzZi, tlsal ale likely to be of South Ameli(an veins pinnate, usually sunkell (II)oveX raised below, origin sin( e they are wide-ranging species in South much more prominent than tleA Illinor veins, all lat- America. eral veins extending to the Illulgills without forming a single collective vein lout with several primary HORTICU 1 ,'1't J 14 A I SIGNIFICANCE lateral veins often forming a se l ies of short, discon- Dieffenb(lchi(l, like many other members of the Araceae, is one of the world's most important ornamental l)lants. Owing to the attractive leaves and hardiness tIn(lel the difficult conditions found indoors, DieJ/enb(lchia remains one of the most important olnamental plants in homes, offices, and professional displays. Ornamental aroids play a major role in tlle foliage-plant industry in the United States, making up about one-third of total foliage plant sales (Henny, 1988). Dief7Senbachia is one of 5 aroid genera routinely among the top 10 foliage plants in annual sales volume (Henny, 1988). The Araceae hold 7 of the top 13 positions in tinuous collective veins; inleAl l)l i mary lateral veins sometimes present; minor veils (listinct to obscure, usually not markedly raise(le sollletimes connected by transverse tertiary veins. I N Iv^LORESCENCES shorter than the leaves, 1 to several per axil; bracts short and usually inconspicuous; peduncle usually somewhat flattened and angulcll with one edge narrowed; spathe oblong, persistellle convolute at base, often somewhat constricted aI)out midway, opening usually only above the mid(lle, usually green on outside, somewhat paler within; spadix slightly shorter than the spathe, divided into pistillate and staminate portions, each with naked unisexual flowers; the pistillate portion basal, about as long as the terms of overall sales in North America, including staminate portion, fused to the spathe, remotely the first two (R. Henney, pers. comm.). An orna- many-flowered (typically 20 to 80 rarely to 160); mental cultivar of Dieffenbachia is the second most staminate portion clavate, white, free from the important in sales, and the genus consistently has spathe, densely many-flowered, often separated one or more taxa on the list of most popular orna- from the pistillate portion by a naked interval. Stamental plants in North America. Dieffienbachia minate flowers consisting of 4 stamens united into breeding and culture plays a major economic role a 4- to 5-sulcate, truncate synandrium; anthers lat-
Volume 91, Number 4 Croat 685 2004 Revision of Dieffenbachia eral, contiguous, the common connective thick, sessile, depressed globose to depressed ovoid, 2- or fleshy, the thecae obovoid to oblong-elliptic, de- 3-lobate; ovules 1 per locule, pale green, semigloshiscing by short, apical, pore-like slits; pollen ex- sy, erect, anatropous; placenta axile to basal; stylar truded in strands, inaperturate, ellipsoid or oblong region inconspicuous; stigma large, hemispheric or or nearly spherical, large, averaging more than 75 2- or 3-lobate, about as broad as the ovary, yellow 1lm, exine psilate to obscurely verruculate and/or to orange in color. INFRUCTESCENCE with fruitsparingly punctate-foveolate to densely foveolate; ing spathe often turning yellow, orange, or red, pistillate flowers modelately dispersed but often in breaking up longitudinally in fruit to expose the weak rows with 1 to 5(6) pistils per spiral, and colorful berries; fruits baccate, globose or 2- or 3- surrounded by 4 or 5 claviform white staminodia, lobed, 1- or 2(3)-seeded; seeds globose or ovoid, these longer than the ovary usually 2-5 mm, usu- the testa thick, smooth, green to blackish green; ally spreading, sometimes fused briefly at the base; embryo large; endosperm lacking. Ovaries 2- or 3-carpellate, sometimes l-carpellate, Chromosomes 2n = 34, 68. KFY ro DIEFFENBACHIA OF MEXTCO, C:ENTRAT AMFRICA, AND THE WEST IND1ES la. Petiole involute, extending to base of blade and frequently prolonged beyond the base of the blade. 2a. Larger leaves regularly to more than 45 cm long and 23 cm wide, cuneate at base, coriaceous, usually glossy above, not variegated, uniformly green. 3a. Petiole sheath markedly undulate, at least near the base; Atlantic slope. 4a. Leaf b]ades matte and somewhat velvety to glisteningly ve]vety above, minutely wrinkled on uppel surface; clrying dark blae kish btown to dark ye]lowish brown above; Atlantic slope of Panama 21. 1). jvflnslm.entsis Croat 4b. I,ceaS b1a(1c-s serrlig10ssy to glossy above an(S smoolh on upl)er surface; drying me(lium gray to (lark t)rownish gray above, g)a1er ar(1 ye110wish gray to I)alee yee110w-t)rown be10w - --------- 24. 1). .sl(lr1(ll(loi (roal :3b. 1' lio1e shealh rlol rra1ke(11y L1rl(1u1ale; 1'ae ilie s10Z>e 1:3. 1). hori(11ii (r-otll & (,r-lyl1rr St>. I ( (IVf s rtlrely rrlo1e tharl 45 ( 1zl 10,-,g 01 2:3 ( rzl wi(1e . 5(1. 1'1ilzlly 1(1lel1 Vei1lS 6 10 7 )(-1 si(1e; krlow11 olly l1olrl the ty1> 10(llity irl the 1'ar(1rzl (1(1tltl1 (,, et, . . 22 1). /)i.ll.i.()t-i. 1s,,,r1 5b. I,i,,,a,y 1t,1e,(,l vei,,s ,ts,,ally 1.5 Ot llO(. ()t1. 1,tlt illtI(lUS Willl )lillltil\' 1dlPldl V('illS (1())1') lO 17 )('1 si(lf'; 1)ld(lf' t)tlS('OlUlIIS(' lO t011tl(1f'(l; 1)ld(lP Slil[tl(' m0()SSy 1() tll()(1eld181)' m0()sS), [l()l d1 t11l 1)lilltilt'! Itit('ly Vtili('ttilf'(l; [)('li()lf' IlSIItilIy Wilil tI WllitiSil l)t[tl(l 011 IllP Al)tIXiAI Slil[tl('f'; i)tilitililtl (). 1). (r(l)ril)i*slill(ll(l (lo 6b. Leat 1>1a(1es wi111 )1i1zl1> 1(1l Xa1 vf i1ls 1lslltl11y 1ll01e 11larl It) )( 1 si(1(; 1lslltl11y ( o-(11X1tl1 (l1 1>(1se, llsllally 1zllle ar(1 sl1>velvely (11o/, 1lslltl11y 1>tl11a1f, ol1erl vtlrif ga1e(1; pf 1io1e- 1ae kit, a w1-ilish 1)an(1 o11 the tIl)tIXiclI SIII[tI('E'; Ni(4llAgIItI lo (O0OlllllitI ---------- ---------------- ------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - 2 ,5 . I) . l ( ) t I ( l I IZ i i ( j I ( ) ( I I (S J I a y L I I l l 11). 1)elio1e shetllh er-ee t 10 irlvolule, erl(1ir, sllo1l ol I>la(Je 1>ase (eXe ep1 rare ly orl ll)per 1eaves). Tt1. Ulls1leat1le(l porliorl ol petio1e uslltl11y t1it1rlgu1tl1 ir] (10SS se(liorl, s1larply kef1e(1 lo ri(1g(1 (11>axitl11y, t11e rrargirls t1-li(kly winge(l 1. 1). (ltlr(lrlli(l((l ,rlg1. Ti). 1)etio1e teyo1l(t shenth sul)ter-ete, 1-oun(1e(1 ataxin11y, wil11 rrargirls rour(le(l lo ae ute (rlol wirlge(-1). tJd. lvlArllS witll pPliOlUS 01 rrldjol veirls ol 10we- t>1a(1e surlia(e rrlirlutely g1-anular--pu1)eru1erll lo pl1- 1.>e1 ulerlt. 9d. 1'rirrary 1atera1 veins 23 to 36 per si(1ee, (1epa1lint, midril) usua11y dt dbOUt a (3()° angle; lili(tl'ih dn(t prililAly IdtElal VE,illS ('0t1Spi('UOUS0y pUt)CIUlUtEl with wllitisll tri(homes ----------- 2. 1). 6eachiclea Croat & (Jrayum b. Priltlaly latelal veins usually less than 18 pairs (rarely lo 22 in D. grayumiana) usually departing midril) 40°-6()° at blade mi(lpoinl; midlib and primary lateral veins infonspituously glanular-puberulent. 10a. Blades narrowly oblanceolate, 6.4 times longer than wide, less than 6 cm wide ----- - 5. D. copensis Croat 10b. Blades elliptic to obovate-elliptic, oblong-elliptic, to narrowly oblong-lanceolate (rarely narrowly oblanceolate in D. fortunensis), 1.7-5.2 times longer than wide, 6.7-39 cm wide. lla. Petioles with sheaths ending no more than 5 cm from base of blade------------------- 24. D. standleyi Croat llb. Petioles with sheaths ending more than 13 cm from base of blade. 12a. Primary lateral veins arising at 30°-40° angle; central Panama ---------- ----- 10. D. galdamesiae Croat 12b. Primary lateral veins arising at mostly 55°-70° (to 80° in D. grayumiana); Costa Rica and western Panama. 13a. Plants usually stout, 1.5 m tall; blades narrowly ovate, (22) 30-54 cm long, 10-32 cm wide (averaging 36 x 18 cm), 1.5-2.6 times
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756 Annals of the Missou ri Botanic
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760 Ez D. fosten (0, -8 ' ; < * ( \
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762 , C72 89° 86° 83° 80° 77°
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