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686 Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden longer than wide; Costa Rica to western Panama, 0-1300 m but mostly near sea level 11. D. grayumiana Croat 13b. Plants medium-sized, rarely more than 1 m tall, usually less; blades mostly narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 15-33 cm long, 4.2-13 cm wide (averaging 21 x 6.8 cm), 2-6.3 times longer than wide; Panama (Chiriquf), 900-1600 m 8. D. fortunensis Croat 8b. Plants with petioles or major veins of the lower blade surface glabrous. 14a. Petiole sheaths decurrent apically (lacking prominent protruding extensions); Atlantic lowlands. 15a. Blades drying blackened; Panama (Bocas del Toro), near sea level - ----------- -- 9. D. fosteri Croat 15b. Blades drying yellowish brown, greenish to yellowish brown. 16a. Petioles very glossy, drying as if covered with shellac; Nicaragua to Ecuador 18. D. nitidipetiolata Croat 16b. Petioles not glossy, not drying as if covered with shellac. 17a. Plants less than 1 m tall; blades usually less than 10 cm wide -- ----------- 12. D. hammelii Croat 8 Grayum 17b. Stems usually more than 1 m tall; blades more than 10 cm wide. 18a. Petioles matte; leaf blades usually subcordate at base, usually flecked with creamy yellow 11. I). grayumiana Croat 18b. Petioles semiglossy; leaf blades cuneate to rounde(l or truncate at base, usually plain green (rarely mottled with pale gleen). l9a. Petioles terete; sheaths decurrent at apex, tighlly inrolled with one side completely hidden by the other; Mexie o to Panama but but primarily on Pacific slope (except in Oaxa( a and Veracruz on Atlantic slope) 26. I). wendlandii Schott l9b. Petioles usually obtusely sulcate, sometimes lelete with an obtuse medial rib; sheaths open, the margins elect; Nicaragua to Cololllbia 16. D. Iongi.s/)(llll(l F:ngl. 8 K. Krause 1X11). Ietiole sheaths (at least on one side) rounded to auriculate at apex. 2()a. Blades with more than 18 plimary lateral veins or with primary lalelal veins obscure, barely more conspit uous thtln interprimary veins. 21a. West Indian and Soutll American species; plants with botll sllXly sulcate petioles and a thi(kened, protruding spadix; fruits 2- to 3-lol(}(l 23. I). .s(guine (Jacq.) Schott 21b. Mainly Central Ameli(an species (D. killipii, D. isthmia, (1X(l 1). obscurinervia also in South America). 22a. Blades with 10 lo 13 pairs of primary lateral veins, these moderately inconspicuous, balely more obvious than interprimary ve ills; petioles and lower miflribs with pale spots; Central Panama to (ololzll)ia ------ ----------------- -------------- ---- --- ----------------- -- -- --- 1(). I). obscurinervia Croat 22b. Blades with 18 lo 28 pairs of primary lateral veins, (Ie( i(ledly more conspicuous than tlle interprimary veins; petioles and lowet lzlidrib lacking spots; Costa Rica, Golfo Dulce region 3. l). I)llrg(ri Croat 8 Grayum 20b. Blades variously shaped, matte to glossy above, with 8 to 18 prilllly ltlteral veins per side. 23a. Spadix lacking medial sterile region, the male and femalc- legioIs c.ontiguous or nearly so. 24a. Petioles usually solid green, not densely and conspi( vlotlsly pale-maculate. 25a. Blades with major veins on the lower surface ganular-puberulent --- 17. D. Iutheri Croat 25b. Blades with major veins on the lower surface glabrous ------- ------------------------------- ---------------- - -------------- -- 15. D. killipii Croat 24b. Petioles densely and conspicuously pale-maculate. 26a. Stems more than 1 cm thick; petioles never pale-maculate; primary lateral veins usually departing midrib at less than 90°; Costa Rica (Osa Peninsula), Panama, and Colombia 15. D. killipEi Croat 26b. Stems usually less than 1 cm thick; petioles distinctly pale-maculate; primary lateral veins usually departing midrib at 90° or more; Costa Rica, Sixaola region, Panama, and Colombia -------------------------------- ------- -- ---------- - - 7. D. davidsei Croat 8 Grayum 23b. Spadix with an evident medial sterile region, pistillate and staminate portions separated by a distinct naked spadix axis. 27a. Plants usually less than 0.5 m tall 20. D. oerstedii Schott 27b. Plants to more than 0.5 m tall. 28a. Blades drying dark brown to blackened on upper surface. 29a. Blades usually with posterior lobes; lower blade surface drying
Volume 91, Number 4 2004 Croat Revision of Dieffenbachia yellowish brown to yellowish gray-brown to dark yellow-brown or ye]lowish green; stems solid dark green, drying glossy and minutely wrinkled (the areoles interspersed with raphide cells); Panama, Veraguas Province and the Azuero Peninsula in the west (at 700-900 m in Herrera and Los Santos Provinces) to Darien Province in the east, and to Colombia 50-800(1000) m 14. D. isthniia Croat 29b. Blades lacking posterior lobes; lower blade surface drying grayish black; stetns mottled dark green, drying smooth with a dense layer of raphide cells (but not minutely wrinkled); Panama, Bocas del Toro, sea level 9. D. fosteri Croat 28b. Blades drying yellowish green to dark gray-green, rarely brownish on upper surface. 30a. Petioles usually white at base; blades usually less than 20 cm long 20. D. oerstedii Schott 30b. Petioles not whitish at base, frequently paler than stem but not markedly paler than the remainder of the petiole; blades usually more than 20 cm long. 31a. Petioles usually sharply C-shaped, discolored and whitish at the base; blades matte 20. D. oerstedii Schott 31b. Petioles terete to obtusely C-sllaped or obtusely D-shaped, not sharply sulcate, not discolored and whitish at base; blades glossy to semiglossy. 32a. Species of mostly dry habitats in western Central America (Mexico to Panama); blades subcoriaceous, selrliglossy on upper surface, (15)20-55(65) cm long (avelaging 35 x 17 cm); 75 to 900 m in elevation 26. D. wendlandii St hott 320-). Spet ies of wet habitals, southeastern Ni^aragua and along the. entile Atlali( slole an(S the ()sa lveellirlsula of (4ostcl lli(*a; I)la(les tlso(lelaleZy (*oria(*eotIsX gleessy ols 11se tIl)pel .sulfa( e., 1()-.3() ( rts lorig., (avel cigint, 2.3 X 12 (n); sea lt'vEl to 2()() 21, nlOStIy tIt leess 111as 1()() rll its elevaliors -- - -- - - - - -- 687 - -- ------------------------------- ?1. 1). (orl.(itltl(l (31'0dl & (,I'AyLItll 1. Dieffellbachia aurantiaca 11Jllgl., Anales Tnst. erlding an(l obliquely rouneled to rourl(le(l-aulicu- Fis.-6eogt. Nac. Costa Rie a 9: 2()9. 1898. late distally; unsheathe(l ^)ortion 0.tS-2 c m long, TYPE: Costa Rica. Puntarenas: "ill silvis pro- angular to + triangular in c ross sec tion, flat to pe Santo Domingo atl sinum dule em [Santo bloadly sul(ate a(laxially (sometimes with a medial Domingo de Golfo Dulce], fructif. Mart.1896," keel), adaxial margins thin and revolute, acutely A. Tonsluz 9961 (holotype, B!; isotypes, CR!, keeled abaxial]y, abaxial margins thickly winged, US!). Figures 2, 27A. sometimes with a medial keel, thin, revolute, sometimes medially keeled at malgins; blades oblong- Stout herb, 0.7-2.3 m tall; sap fetid and caustic; elliptic to ovate-elliptic, slightly inequilateral, one stems erect at apical part, to 2 m long, the older side 1-1.5 cm wider than the other side, usually portion reclining and up to 2 rll long; internodes 2.0-4(6) cm long, 5-7(10) cm diam., dark green to subcoriaceous, acuminate to abruptly acuminate at pale greenX semiglossy to glossy, streaked with paler apex, slightly inequilateral and obtuse to rounded green; petioles 13-33(48) cm long (averaging 24 cm or subcordate (rarely attenuate on one side) at base, (26)31-57 x 11-27 cm (averaging 39 x long), C-shaped at base in cross sectione moderately 19 cm), spongy, medium green, semiglossy adaxially, matte 1.7-2.6 times longer than wide (averaging 2 times), and acutely l-ribbed abaxially, the surface finely ranging from about as long as petioles to 2.8 times dark striate, sometimes variegated with paler green longer than petioles (averaging 1.7 times longer); markings, sheathing margins weakly undulate; upper surface dark 1/3 to nearly throughout (35%- 97% their length and averaging 77Wo); sheath 6.5- green, concolorous or sometimes variegated, drying 25.5(38) cm long (averaging 17.7 cm), medium dark olive-green to medium gray-green, weakly green, finely dark green striate, sometimes varie- glossy to semiglossy; lower surface moderately palgated with paler green markings, adaxially acute er, matte to weakly glossy, drying pale yellowish margins sometimes much paler, with margins in- green; midrib flat to broadly concave above (broadcurled but usually not overlapping, the apex free- ly sulcate near base), 5-20 mm diam., sometimes
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756 Annals of the Missou ri Botanic
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760 Ez D. fosten (0, -8 ' ; < * ( \
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762 , C72 89° 86° 83° 80° 77°
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