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670 Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden Table 1. Distribution and endemism in Dieffenbachia species from Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. X = species present, E = endemic species. Country Gua- E1 Ni- Col- Mexi- te- Salva- Hon- cara- Costa West om- Ecua- Vene- Boliv- Species co mala Belize dor duras gua Rica Panama Indies bia dor zuela Brazil ia D. aurantiaca X X D. beachiana X X D. burgeri E D. concinna X X D. copensis E D. crebripistillata E D. davidsei X X X D. fortunensis E D. fosteri E D. galdamesiae E D. grayumiana X X D. hammelii E D. horichii E D. isthmia X X D. killipii X X X X D. Iongispatha X X D. Iutheri E D. nitidipetiolata X X X X X D. obscurinervia X X D. oerstedii X X X X X X X X D. panamensis E D. pittieri E D. seguine X X X X X X D. standleyi X X D. tonduzii X X X X X D. wendlandii X X X X X X X Total number of 2 2 1 2 3 6 13 20 1 8 4 1 1 1 species (percent of endemics) (23%) (40%) kinds: (1) complete original sets (wild collected); (2) sterile original material with an inflorescence added from a cultivated plant of the same number; and (3) material collected entirely from the cultivated plant. Specimens based entirely or in part on cultivated material are clearly indicated on the herbarium label. Herbarium specimens were borrowed from most major herbaria including: A, AAU, B, BBS, BM, BR, CAS, CAY, CHOCO, CM, COL, CR, CUVC, DAV, DS, DUKE, EAP, ECON, ENCB, F, FLAS, FSU, FTG, G, GH, GOET, GUAY, HBG, fIUA, INB, ISC, K, L, LA, LL, M, MEXU, MICH, MY, NY, P, computerized, and the entire collection, including many South American species that are being described separately, undergoes regular inventories to include events such as flowering time and attempted hybridizations. This allows electronic access to information on status, location, flowering dates, the number of vouchers prepared, and the status of the description. All specimens cited have been recorded in a computerized database for permanent referral. See www.mobot.org. HISTORY OF THE GENUS DIEFFENBACHIA HEINRICH WILHELM SCHOTT PMA, PORT, QAP, QCA, QCNE, RSA, S, SCZ, SEL, STRI, TEFH, TEX, TULV, U, UC, UMO, US, The genus Dietfienbachia was described in 1829 USC, USJ, VEN, and WIS. Unless specifically des- by H. W. Schott (Schott, 1829). Schott based the ignated as not seen, all specimens are to be pre- genus on a single species, Caladium seguinum sumed to have been examined personally. (Jacq.) Vent. (Ventenat, 1800), previously described Data on the living collection of Dieffenbachia are as Arum seguine Jacq. (Jacquin, 1763) as well as
Volume 91, Number 4 2004 Table 2. Treatment of Dieffienbachia species by H.W. Schott (1860). Croat Revision of Dieffenbachia Species treated by H. W. Schott (1860) Origin Synonymizations as treated by Engler (1915) 1. D. cognata Schott Suriname = D. seguine var. Iineata (Mart. ex Schott) Engl. 2. D. consobrina Schott Brazil = D. seguine var. viridis Engl. 3. D. costata H. Karst. ex Schott Venezuela 4. D. gollmeriana Schott Venezuela = D. seguine var. viridis Engl. 5. D. humilis Poepp. Peru 6. D. irrorata Mart. ex Schott Brazil = D. seguine var. Iingulata (Mart.) Engl. subvar. irrorata (Mart.) Engl. 7. D. Iineata K. Koch & Bouche New Granada = D. seguine var. Iineata (K. Koch & Bouche) Engl. 8. D. Iingulata Mart. ex Schott Brazil = D. seguine var. Iingulata (Mart. ex Schott) Engl. 9. D. Iiturata Schott Unknown = D. seguine var. Iiturata (Schott) Engl. 10. D. macrophylla Poepp. Peru 11. D. neglecta Schott Jamaica = D. seguine var. viridis Engl. 12. D. obliqua Poepp. Peru 13. D. oerstedii Schott Central America 14. D. picta Schott Unknown 15. D. plumieri Schott Martinique = D. seguine var. viridis Engl. 16. D. poeppigii Schott Peru = D. seguine var. viridis Engl. 17. D. robusta Schott Unknown 18. D. seguine (Jacq.) Schott Martinique 19. D. spruceana Schott Brazil = D. humilis Poepp. 20. D. ventenatiana Schott Suriname = D. seguine var. ventenatiana (Schott) Engl. 21. D. usendlandii Schott E1 Salvador = D. seguine by Linnaeus (1763). The next spe( ies des( ribed marllm (F,ngler, 1879),6 species were treated an(l were three from Peru (Poeppig 184tS) D. humilis 2 more c ombinations were made. Between 1879 Poepp., D. macrophylla Poepp., an(l D. obliqzla and 1899, 14 a(lditional species were describe(l, Poepp. only 3 of which were recognized by Engler in 1915. Between 1852 and 1864 an additional 18 spe- These were D. flaguensis Engl., D. enfleri Engl. cies were described, all but 4 of them by H. W and D. olbia L. I,inden 8 Rodigas. Schott. Of these only 3 were recognize(l in Engler's In 1899, Engler produced another small work on (1915) revision, while the remainder were synony- Dieffenbachia in which he treated 19 species and mized or recognized at the subspecific level, mostly made 24 new combinations, but provided no deunder Dieffenbachia seguine. Those recognized at scriptions except for one new species, Dieffenbachthe specific level were D. picta Schott, D. costata ia aurantiaca Engl. Only 9 species were described H. Karst. ex Schott, and D. oerstedii Schott. Be- between this work (1899) and Engler's (1915) retween 1866 and 1878,12 species were described, vision. Those taxa still recognized by Engler (1915) with 6 more of these being recognized as distinct were Dieffenbachia cordata Engl., D. weberbaueri in Engler's revision (Table 3). The first major re- Engl., D. gracilis Huber, and D. cannifolia Engl. vision of the genus was that of Schott (1860) in his ex Ule. Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum, treating 21 spe- The last revision of the genus Dieffenbachia was cies, of which Engler later (1915) recognized only by Engler (1915) in Das Pfanzenreich. This revi- 7 (see Table 2). sion contained both keys and descriptions for 27 species. A total of 11 new combinations were made ADOLF ENGLER and 6 new species described (see Table 3). The new species were D. aglaonematifolia Engl., D. brittonii The next revisionary effort made with Dieffen- Engl., D. Iongispatha Engl. 8 K. Krause, D. parbachia was by Engler (1878) in the treatment of the vifolia Engl., and D. pittieri Engl. 8 K. Krause. Araceae in Martius's Flora Brasiliensis. In this treatment 3 species were included and 16 new combinations made (these within D. seguine and D. MODERN WORK picta). A year later, in his treatment of Dieffen- Very little work was done with Dieffenbachia afbachia in DeCandolle's Monographiae Phaneroga- ter Engler (1915). Gleason (1929) described D. pal- 671
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