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764 Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden long, 1.2-1.7 cm diam., 0.9-1.1 cm on drying (ra- til August or rarely September. What appears to be chis 0.9-1.2 cm diam.), the upper 1 cm sometimes a secondary flowering period may occur in the early with as few as two apparently fertile flowers, sta- dry season because flowering collections have been minate portion of spadix (7)9-16 cm long, the fer- seen in December and February. Most fruiting tile staminate portion (4.5)7-12.5 cm long, gradu- specimens have been made in the dry season and ally tapered toward both ends, (0.7)1-1.3 cm diam. early wet season from January to May. midway, 7 mm diam. 1 cm below the apex; mostly Discussion. The species is characterized by its sterile intermediate portion of spadix 2.0 l.0 cm robust, but moderately short stature, dark green, long, 7-9 mm diam., with a few aborted pistillate semiglossy stems; narrowly ovate to ovate-elliptic flowers in the lower half and a few sterile male yellowish brown, to yellow-green-drying leaf flowers in the apical half, often with a totally barren blades; but especially by the partially sheathed petsegment of up to 1-2.8 cm long; pistils (33)45 to ioles with the sheath margins decurrent or ending 55, depressed-globose, weakly pale yellow-green, abruptly and rounded at apex with a free, unmoderately glossy, (2)3 to 5 across the width of the sheathed sulcate portion 1-9 cm long at the apex. spadix, 3.0-3.7 mm diam., 1.5-1.7 mm high; stig- In addition, the species has an unusually large ma yellow to pale orange, 0.6-1 mm high, 2.0-2.7 spathe for the size of its leaves, frequently exceedmm diam., sometimes broadly sunken medially, ing 30 cm long. sometimes with a prominent, protruding dome held Populations of 1). wendlandii on the Atlantic slightly above the outer ring; staminodia 3 to 4, free slope have petioles completely terete, rather than to the base, broadened toward the base, 0.8-1.2 sulcate adaxially, })ut this varies even on the same mm wide at base and sometimes partly fused, usu- individual. In ad(lition, these populations are more ally slightly thicker near apex, (2.5)3.5-5 mm long, likely to have the ^)etiole sheath even more decidwhite, slightly flattened, 1.5-3.5 mm wide, about as edly decurrent at the apex. At least the populations long as the pistils; synandria 4 to 7 visible per spi- of plants in Oaxaccl at middle elevation above Valle ral, 3.5 l.0 mm diam., widely spaced at base, trun- Nacional have sal) that is only mildly odorous, cate and smooth at apex, irregularly rounded, pale whereas elsewhere the sap is malodorous, smelling tan, becoming bowl-shaped and brown except for somewhat like sk ll 1l k or peccary. white, erect margins, margins sometimes crenate, DieJ%enbachia 1lperldlandii is easily confused with with thecae 6 to 8 per synandrium, these subglo- D. oerstedii on the eastern slopes of Chiapas and bose, ca. 1 mm long, held just below the apex of Veracruz, but D. Ilnendlandii is much more robust the synandrium. INFRUCTESCENCE with spathe than plants of D. oerstediip which are usually less green at maturity; berries red to bright orange, 6-8 than 1 m tall and have internodes usually less than mm diam. 2.5 cm in diameter: In contrast, the stems of D. wendlandii are rarely less than 2.5 cm in diameter Distribution and habitat. Dieffenbachia wen- and are usually 4-5 cm in diameter. Other differdlandii occurs principally in seasonally dry habi- ences in D. oerstedii are the sharply sulcate (rather tats on the Pacific slope of Central America, rang- than terete to obtusely sulcate) petioles that are ing from central Mexico (Oaxaca and Chiapas) to white (rather than green) at the base, and the Guatemala (Escuintla, Huehuetenango, San Mar- sheath apex of which at least one margin is rounded cos, Suchitepequez), E1 Salvador, Honduras (Mor- and prominently free-ending. In contrast, D. wenazan), Nicaragua (Esteli, Granada, Matagalpa, Nue- dlandii on the Atlantic slope is more than 1.5 m va Segovia, Zelaya), Costa Rica (Puntarenas tall at maturity, has internodes more than 3 cm in Province), and Panama (Veraguas) at elevations of diameter, and petiole sheath margins acute to only 75 to 900 m. In Mexico the species occurs on the weakly protruded at apex with the free portion of Atlantic slope only in the State of Oaxaca in the the petiole at most obtusely sulcate. Another way Serrania de Juarez at 250-705 m and in Veracruz D. wendlandii differs from D. oerstedii is by its typin or near the Estacion Biologica de Los Tuxtlas ically larger spathe, over 25 cm long versus less near the Caribbean coast at 5-165 m elevation. The than 20 cm long for D. oerstedii. only collection of the species in Panama, from Ba- Previously most material of D. wendlandii from hia Honda in Veraguas Province, is unusual in hav- Mexico and Guatemala has been mistakenly called ing blades more ovate and in drying pale green. It D. oerstedii, and indeed herbarium material without may prove to be a new species. good field notes is difficult to separate. Several of Phenology. DiefNfenbachia wendlandii flowers the collections of D. oerstedii made in lowland Veprincipally in the rainy season, beginning in May racruz (Holstein & Armbruster 20425; Nee 23 773^ and especially in June and July, but continuing un- 29752 and 29993) appear to have the petiole
Volume 91, Number 4 2004 Croat Revision of Dieffenbachia sheath somewhat decurrent without a conspicuous America. The material previously determined as D. free-ending apex. They are described as plants no seguine in Central America has proven to be either more than 1 m tall. It is possible that these rep- D. oerstedii with blades larger than normal, or D. resent hybrid plants since both D. wendlandii and wendlandii. D. oerstedii occur in lowland Veracruz. Additional speciniens exaniined. COSTA RICA. Ala- Dieffenbachia wendlandii has been confused juela: Rfo Cacao, near Atenas, L. Goniez 19572 (MO). with D. standleyi in eastern Nicaragua. However, Puntarenas: rd. to Monteverde, Wilbur et al. 15861 that species occurs only on the Atlantic slope and (DUKE). EL SALVADOR. Wendland 410 (GOET); San Salvador, Calderon 914 (US), Renson 266 (NY, US). GUAhas petioles sheathed completely to the apex and a TEMALA. Escuintla: Engler 2389 (GH); Escuintla-Aloproportionately longer blade, ranging from 1.9 to tenango, mi. 6, Croat 42050 (DUKE, MO); Cucunya at 3.5 times longer than wide, and averaging 2.5 times San Andre Osuna, Seler 2389 (G), Seler 2398 (GH). Huelonger than wide. In contrast, D. wendlandii has huetenango: Cerro Victoria, Finca San Rafael, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyerniark 49637 (F). San Marcos: blades ranging from 1.3 to 2.4 times longer than Finca Armenia near La Trinidad above San Rafael, Croat wide and averages only 2 times longer than wide. 40790 (ENCB, MO); Rio Ixpal, below Rodeo, Standley Throughout its range in western Mexico and Central 68724 (F); Santa Rosa, Chiquimulilla-El Ahumado, N of America, D. wendlandii is variable in the blade Los Cerritos, Standley 79561 (F); E of Cuilapa, Standley shape with the proportionately broader blades oc- 78161 (F). Suchitepequez: Mazatenango, Morales 1047 (F, CR); vic. Tiquisate, Steyerniark 47684 (F, MO). HONcurring in Mexico and Guatemala, where they av- DURAS. Francisco Morazan: San Antonio de Oriente, erage 1.8 times longer than wide. The collections above E1 Jicarito, Standley 21077 (F). MEXICO. Chiafrom E1 Salvador and Nicaragua, on the other hand, pas: Escuintla-Monte Ovando, 2.8 km NW of Turquiz, have leaf blades averaging 2.3 times longer than Croat 47510 (MO); Escuintla-El Triunfo, ca. 1 mi. N of Escuintla, Croat 43813 (MO); Tapachula-Nueva Aleman, wide. The populations in Mexico and Guatemala mi. 4, Croat 43791 (CHIP, CM, MO); Mapastepec, Sierra have shorter petioles (averaging 19.8 cm long and de Soconusco, Croat & D. Hannon 63340 (MO); Tapachu- 22.6 cm long, respectively) than those in E1 Sal- la-Union Juarez, at km 13.5, 1.3 mi. N of Trinidad, Croat vador and Nie aragua (averaging almost 30 e m 47219 (CHIP, MEXU, MO); Acacoyagua, Eji(la Eas Golong). lan(lrinas, Cerro Mt. ()van(lo Trail, Croflt 78480 (MO); A(apetagua, K. Hern(in(lez 47.S (MEXU, M(), NY); Es- The single Costa Rican colle( tion made in Pun- ( uintla, Esperan>a, Mfltllfl(l 167e55 (F, MEXU); Esperanza, tarenas Provine e, along the dry roa(l ay)l)roaching Mfltll(l(l 16X66) (MEXU). Oaxaca: Tuxtepec, 6 nli. W of the Montever(le reserve, is noteworthy in })eing so Valle Na(. on Hwy. 17tS, Croflt. .X9749 (AAU, MEXU, MO, far out of the range of the sl)ecies. I)iei/enb(lchi(l IASA, SKIJX TE
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694 Annals of the Missouri Botanica
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