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722 Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden longa, (0.8)1.5-3(4) cm diam; petiolus (4)6-20124.5) cm vex, slightly paler to concolorous above, thicker longus, vaginatus 2/5 longitudinis vel fere omnino; lamina than broad and narrowly rounded to almost roundoblongo-elliptica vel oblongo-ovato, (13)19-30(33.5) cm longa, (4.5)7-16(21.3) cm lata, nervis primariis laterali3ous raised, matte, paler than surface to almost conco- 8-12 utroque; imSorescentia 1-4 in quoque axilla; pedun- lorous below, drying brown with ridges, darker than culus 4.5-9 cm longus; spatha 12-19 cm longa; spadix surface below; primary lateral veins 8 to 12 per 12-15 cm longus; pistilla 20-37. side, arising at an acute angle, then spreading at mostly (40°)45°-70° angle (rarely to 30°, sometimes Medium-sized herb, 40-100 cm tall, stem creepto 80° toward base, rarely to 110° at base), freing over surface of ground at base, then erect; sap quently forming collective veins that merge with the milky, unscented; internodes initially weakly glossy, margin higher up on the blade, narrowly sunken to often faintly dark green and medium yellowish weakly quilted-sunken above, thicker than broad to green-marbled at lower nodes, becoming glossier in convex and weakly pleated-raised, darker than surage, 1.5-5.5 cm long, (0.8)1.5-3(4) cm diam., meface to almost concolorous below, usually drying dium to dark green or olive-green or black-green, darker than surface; minor veins few, obscure drying dark yellow-brown to orange-brown, rarely above, obscurely visible and darker than surface to dark brown, epidermis sometimes fissured in a moderately distinct below. INFLORESCENCES 1 cracked network so as to appear corky in some arto 4 per axil; bracts 9-20 cm long; peduncle 4.5-9 eas. LEAVES scattered along stem, denser near cm long, 6-7 mm diam., medium green, white at apex; petioles (4)S20(24.5) cm long (averaging base; .s/)athe 12-19 cm long at anthesis, 1-2 cm 12.2 cm long), firm to spongy, slightly paler or dark- longel than the spadix, medium green throughout, er than stem, medium green to dark green, matte sometimes faintly dark green-lineate on faded areas to weakly glossy, faintly striate toward the base, outsi(le, slightly paler and glossy inside; spathe drying greenish to grayish yellow to brown, sheath- tube 2-3 cm diam. when closecl, 5.5-7.5 cm wide ing for 2/, to fully throughout (0.4-1 the petiole when [lattened, 1.5-2 cm (liam. at constriction (flatlength and averaging 0.69); sheath 3-18 cm long, tening 3.5-4 cm wide); spathe bla(3e 2.5-3 em (averaging 8 ( m), with the sheath margins not dry- dianl.; spadix bluntly pointe(lX weakly protruding ing markedly different than the remainder of folwal(l at anthesis, 12-1tS (m long; free portion sheath; sheath apex with the tip free-ending and 5.5-() ( m long (sometimes with a few l)istillate flowinequilaterally acute to emarginate, sometimes dry- ers itl the basal portion); pistillate portion 5-8.5 cm ing acute; unsheathed portion C-shaped and sharp- long. 1 0 mm diam. throughout; fert i le staminate ly sulcate to narrowly and sharply sulcate to sub- portiotl 4.5-6.8 cm long, 7-8 mm diam. midway, terete and weakly sulcate or obtusely and narrowly sometimes bluntly pointed (frequently with the sulcate in cross section; blades oblong-elliptic to witheled portion weakly protruding out of the front oblong-ovate, rarely narrowly ovate, (13)19- of the spathe after anthesis); sterile intermediate 30(33.5) x (4.5)7-16(21.3) cm (averaging 25 x 11 seglllent to ca. 5 mm diam., but usua]ly absent with em), 1.5-4.2 times longer than wide, as long as or the )istillate and staminate portions alrnost conti;up to 4.8 times longer than petiole (averaging 2.3 uous; pistils 20 to 37, well-spaced, sometimes agtimes longer than petiole), inequilateral, one side gregated into weak rows, frequent Iy irregularly 0.5-1.5 cm wider than the other side, sometimes gapy)ed, 2 or 3(6) dispersed across s^)adix width, falcate, subcoriaceous to weakly coriaceous, mod- widely spaced at base and at apex, )ale yellowerately bicolorous, acuminate to gradually acumi- green, 2.4 mm diam., 1.4 mm high; stigma 1.8-2.2 nate at apex inequilateral, sometimes inequilater- mm diam.; staminodia very thickene(l and mostly ally rounded to subcordate, rarely acute at base; joined at base, tapered gradually toward apex and margins moderately straight on one side, frequently not markedly thickened, sometimes broadened latmarkedly undulate on other side; upper surface se- erally and apparently consisting of a union of 2 miglossy, dark green, frequently white, pale green staminodia, sometimes with 2 pistils contiguous or yellowish green-spotted or white-streaked, dry- and apparently sharing staminodia; synandria 1.2ing dark brown to olive-brown or gray-green; lower 1.4 mm diam., ca. 4 per spiral, irregularly rounded surface paler, matte to weakly glossy, drying yellow- to 4- to 6-sided, drying widely spaced, the margins brown; sinus less than 1 cm deep, rarely to 2.5 cm of apex markedly turned upward. INFRUCTESdeep; rnidrib flat-raised, 3-5 mm wide, sometimes CENCE to 23 em long; spathe orange outside; spasulcate toward base, usually in moderately deep dinc 9-10.5 cm long, 2.S em wide; berries red to valleys, usually concolorous, sometimes paler than reddish orange or orange-red, drying pale orangesurface aboveX sometimes weakly 3- to a-grooved brown, ellipsoid, 2- to 3-lobed, 7-8 mm long, S on upper surface, drying flat-raised to broadly con- 10 mm diam.; seeds 1 to 2 per berryS drying dark
Volume 91, Number 4 2004 Croat Revision of Dieffenbachia , . . brown, flattened on funicular side, to 4.9 mm long, 50480 and Plowman & Davis 4094, both collected 4.4 mm diam., drying smooth, 3 mm thick. along the Baeza to Tena Road, at 1410 and ca. 1743 m, respectively, and Croat 72573 south of Distribution and habitat. Dieffenbachia killipii Coca at 300 m. An unvouchered collection made ranges from southwestern Costa Rica (Puntarenas) by Tan, Halton, and Besse at the Auca Oil Field at to Panama and the western slopes of the Andes in 240 m is also the same species. It has been vouch- Colombia (Antioquia, Choco, Tolima, and Valle) ered from the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens' livand Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Guayas, E1 Oro, Pichin- ing collection (SEL 79-0090) by Plowman 14121 cha, Los Rios, and Manabi on the Pacific slope and and Ingram 1124. in Napo on the Atlantic slope) at 0 to 900 m ele- Gentry et al. 65306, from Quindio Department, vation. In Panama it occurs in Tropical wet forest Colombia, at 1400 m, may also be this species, but (T-wf) and Premontane wet forest (P-wf) life zones it is from higher elevation than other Colombian (Holdridge, 1967) and ranges from Cocle Province collections. A collection made in Venezuela at Maito Darien Province in the east. In Colombia it is quetia at 30 m near the Caribbean (Andre' 457A) known from Tropical wet forest (T-wf) and Tropical appears to also be D. killipii. However, this may be rain forest transition to Premontane wet forest (T-rf/ questioned because Andre 457 was labeled as hav- P-wf) life zones. ing been collected in Colombia at Angostura de Phenology. F8lowering occurs in D. kill ipii Honda (Tolima). Both collections were dated Dethroughout the year, with most flowering specimens cember 1875. having been made in the late rainy season from In South America the species may be confused September to November. Fruiting collections were with D. enderi, described from the valley of the Rfo made mostly during the late dry season and early Cauca in Colombia. That species is similar in havrainy season of the following year from May to July. ing the petiole sheath auriculate and free-ending at Few fruiting collections were Kseen between AuguKst the apex, and in having the staminate and pistillate and May. spadives (ontiguous. Tt diffels in having a thicker Di.scu.s.sion. The specieKs is chara(terized by its stem (to 8-9 cm diam.), longer blades (to 50 cm medium stature (to 1 m), slen(ler sulcate petioles long) with ae ute hases and more numerous primary with the Ksheath inequilaterally auli(ulate at apex lateral veins (( a. 24 lel side, spae e(-l 1.5-2 ( m (an(l uxually ending well helow the l)ase of the apalt). Tn (ontraKst, L). killi/)ii has hla(lex that are l)la(le) an(l espe(ially ly the flequelltly Ksul)cor(late roundeel or sul)( or(3ate at the hase, ;an(l fewer than bladeKs (whie h dry yellowish green) with a flat- 15 primary lateral veins. It is also similar to D. raised mi(lrib. Also unuKsual for the sl)e(ies is the elelguellsi.s from the valley of the Rio Dagua in Valle near absenfe of a Ksterile portioll between the pis- Department, whie h similarly has staminate and l)istillate and staminate spadie es. tillate zones ( ontiguous on the spa(lix. That spee ies Dieffenb(lchiel killipii is similar to L). Ieo)oldii, eliffers in having larger hlades (to 40 c m long) with whieh waKs descIibed from a cultivate(l plant of un- many elose primary lateral veins (up to 25), an(l a known specific origin, believed to have been ob- petiole only 5 cm long. tained in Colombia. Engler saw living material of Dieffenbachia killipii is probably most easily this species and illustrated it in his 1915 revision. confused in Central America with D. isthmia, which While it has very similar leaves, D. Ieopoldii differs differs in having stems that dry usually blackened; from D. killipii in having the pistillate and stami- somewhat more ovate, blackened blades; and a spanate portion of the spadix separated by a sparsely dix with a more or less sterile portion between the flowered, almost sterile section. In addition, while staminate and pistillate portions. The species may the upper surface of D. killipii is semiglossy, D. also be confused with D. oerstedii from Costa Rica Ieopoldii is described as having a blade "velvety and western Panama. That species shares leaves of green" on the upper surface in the notes of N. E. Brown (on specimen of Lehmann 1052), at least similar shape and size, but it has blades that are matte, rather than semiglossy, on the upper surface suggesting that the upper surface was matte. Fi- and dry greenish or yellowish green. In addition, nally, the midrib of D. Ieopoldii is described as D. oerstedii has petioles that are typically more white, whereas this is not the case with D. killipii. sharply sulcate than those of D. killipii. The petiole Collections from the eastern slopes of the Andes base is green in D. killipii and whitish in D. oerin Napo Province, Ecuador, appear also to be this stedii. Furthermore, the spadix has staminate and species but more studies are needed to confirm this, pistillate portions nearly contiguous in D. killipii, as they would be the only collections of D. killipii but separated by a distinct sterile portion in D. oerin the Amazon basin. The collections include Croat stedll. 723
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Revision of "Dieffenbachia" (Aracea
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Page 96 and 97: 762 , C72 89° 86° 83° 80° 77°
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772 Annals of the Missouri Botanica
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