Archaeoseismology and Palaeoseismology in the Alpine ... - Tierra

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1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 International Workshop on Earthquake Archaeology and Palaeoseismology A RARE CASE OF PRESERVED EARTHQUAKE RUPTURES IN AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE: MIKRI DOXIPARA – ZONI, NE GREECE A. Chatzipetros (1) and S. Pavlides (1) (1) Department of Geology, Aristotle University, 54124, Thessaloniki, GREECE. ac@auth.gr Abstract: This abstract describes the results of an archaeoseismological / palaeoseismological research at the site of Mikri Doxipara – Zoni (NE Greece). Faulted layers, surface ruptures, displaced structures, fissures etc. indicate that this site has undergone severe deformation during at least two large, ground rupturing earthquakes. Radiocarbon dating and detailed log analysis suggest that these two earthquakes probably happened in 1752 (Edirne earthquake) and after 960 ± 50 BC. Both earthquakes produced vertical displacement in the order of 0.9‐1 m, therefore their magnitude is estimated at ca. 6.5. This site is unique in the sense that faulting is directly correlated to archaeological deformation. Key words: archaeoseismology, palaeoseismology, surface ruptures, Greece INTRODUCTION – SETTING Mikri Doxipara – Zoni excavation site (MDZ) is a Roman burial site located in the low seismicity Evros region (NW Greece), very close to the Greek‐Bulgarian‐Turkish borders (Fig. 1). Fig. 1: Location map of Mikri Doxipara – Zoni site in NE Greece. It is in close proximity to the well known Roman cities of Hadrianoupolis, Plotinopolis and Trajanoupolis. The MDZ site is located on a vantage elevated point, as it is built on a hill overlooking the Vardas river valley. The site was also near the commercial roads linking Hadrianoupolis, Plotinopolis and Hadrianopolis. The area around MDZ site is modified by both the erosion of Ardas river system in the closer area and Evros river in the broader, as well as by a set of normal faults ranging in strike from WNW‐ESE to WSW‐ENE (Fig. 2). This fault system has caused the Neogene sediments (locally consisted of marl and fine to medium grained sand) to form a set of hills roughly oriented E‐W, smoothed out due to erosion. Relief is not strikingly modified by faults, therefore they would normally considered to be inactive or of low activity (Pavlides et al., 2006a and b, 2007). 20 Fig. 2: Landsat image showing the main fault systems that modify the area around Mikri Doxipara – Zoni site. DISCUSSION The site consists of a tumulus in which four members of a rich family have been cremated and buried in the beginning of 2 nd century AD. The tumulus is very close to the road connecting Hadrianopolis (Edirne) and Philippoupolis (Plovdid). Four excavation pits since 2002, revealed the cremated remains of three males and one female, along with numerous offerings to accompany them into the afterlife (Whitley, 2002‐2003). Fig. 3: Initial topography of the tumulus before the excavation. It is evident that the tumulus is deformed in an E‐W direction (photo courtesy: D. Triantafyllos).
The tumulus initial morphology showed signs of grave robbing, as well as of irregular topographical anomalies aligned in an E‐W direction. Photographs of the tumulus before the excavation site, as well as large scale topographic maps of the site prepared by the Archaeological Survey, confirm that these small depressions are indeed aligned in an E‐W direction (Fig. 3). Apart from the human remains and the offerings, which include horses, carriages and their equipment, two brick‐ built altars serving as platforms for offerings to the dead were found. One of them (site DOX 2‐1) has been found to be heavily deformed by a system of normal faults, which clearly affect the ground surface of 2 nd Century AD (Figs. 4 and 5). Fig. 4: One of the brick altars that has been faulted and displaced This system is comprised by several roughly E‐W trending normal faults, which form a fairly large depression at the altar site. The maximum observable throw of the main S‐ dipping surface is 1.9 m, but taking into account the secondary features and the total displacement of the N‐ 1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 International Workshop on Earthquake Archaeology and Palaeoseismology 21 dipping antithetic faults, the total net displacement is estimated at ca. 0.9 m. This displacement, which is attributed to an earthquake post‐dating the date of altar, is well visible in site DOX 2‐2 (Fig. 6). The fault system affects the Neogene substratum (marls and fine‐grained sands) as well as the artificial deposits that formed the tumulus. Fig. 5: The actual cracks that were preserved due to the artificial cover of the tumulus These deposits were removed during the archaeological excavation; hence no direct association to the faulting is possible at this stage. Secondary faulting and jointing, also affecting the Roman ground surface, has been detected in several other sites in various parts of the excavation. Fig. 6: Log of DOX 2‐2 trench, where the maximum net displacement of 90 cm is observed. The fault zone has a width of ca. 2 m and it is attributed to a large, ground rupturing earthquake that postdates 2 nd Century AD.
Page 1: Abstracts Volume Archaeoseismology
Page 4 and 5: Edita e imprime: Sección de Public
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Page 9 and 10: the importance of performing absolu
Page 11 and 12: indicative of strike‐slip faultin
Page 13 and 14: DISCUSSION Based on detailed field
Page 15 and 16: Table 1: Source parameters used in
Page 17 and 18: elations. However, the attenuation
Page 19 and 20: mostly concentrated on the DST in I
Page 21: continuous support. N. Shalev, G. G
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Page 29 and 30: spans, with a threefold increase fr
Page 31 and 32: Nevertheless the lack of research,
Page 33 and 34: earthquake. In uncertain cases, as
Page 35 and 36: The site reconnaissance successfull
Page 43 and 44: Table 1: Surface faulting extent re
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Page 55 and 56: to 400 m) the calculated values for
Page 57 and 58: RISK ANALYSIS The created hazard ma
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Page 61 and 62: CONCLUSIONS From the palaeostress a
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mapped on the slopes above Qiryat
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1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 Internation
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interpreted as either an expression
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The Shepran Cave is located on the
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properties. The mean value of speci
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excavated a deep trench, thus provi
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Fig. 8: Seismic ground shaking may
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elevant qualitative criteria are po
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CONCLUDING REMARKS The exposed exam
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produced by significantly different
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It is possible that a portion of th
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In addition, the Database of histor
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were published by IGME (1983) and E
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The city collapsed and it was aband
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Fig. 4: Slipped lintel in a window
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to overcome shear resistance and in
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Newmark, N.M. (1965). Effects of ea
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associated with various tsunamis (<
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this method, the magnitude of the e
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etween pieces. Fragments have not f
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on the exact date of the earthquake
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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONE COLOGNE Aft
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affecting the Alcázar was about 50
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archaeoseismology could instead bec
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In the area later occupied by Vilni
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Fig. 2: Assemblage of landforms ass
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Fig. 8: Data and regression for mag
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Fig. 3: Relationships among magnitu
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CONCLUSIONS 1. Spatial distribution
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The stratigraphic sequence (Fig. 4)
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especially in the zones of hanging
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interpretations are based on relati
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Fig. 5: Gray‐scale value laser im
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(~40 cm), F‐ rotated building str
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Index 1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 Inter
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