Archaeoseismology and Palaeoseismology in the Alpine ... - Tierra

More documents

Recommendations

Info

elt. The degrading metamorphic basement shows strong new activity, which makes this area one of the main earthquake activity zones in East China. According to the historic record, earthquakes of 5.0 magnitude or greater have hit this area for nine times, among which there are two earthquakes of more than 6.0 magnitude. The epicentre presents belt distribution from north to east. The digging site is in the eastnorth of the earthquake zone. Sand veins were discovered in the cultural stratum (Fig. 1). Fig. 2: The tensile fault in Longshan Cultural Stratum in the ancient site in North Anhui Province (The up photo is the north wall; the down photo is the south wall) In the above figure (Fig. 1), the grey stratum which, the sand penetrated in is the cultural stratum of Western Zhou Dynasty (about 2,000 years ago). The sand vein originated from a sand stratum 6 meter below the ground. Earthquake liquefaction can account for the origin of the sand vein. 1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 International Workshop on Earthquake Archaeology and Palaeoseismology 24 Fault and crack in Longshan cultural stratum of the ancient site in North Anhui Province This ancient site formed in the Longshan Period. There are tensile faults in the city wall. The strike is 10°, SEE. The dip is nearly vertical. Tensile dislocation is discovered in ash layers and construction heaps. Fault displacement in different layers is about the same, ranging from 3.8 centimeter to 4.5 centimeter. The fracture section is flat, except for the dragging with same direction in the upper surface of the cultural stratum and the fault is displayed in the north wall, south wall and the bottom of the trench (Fig. 2). In the corresponding cultural stratum on the east side, an about 20‐centimeter‐broad crack is discovered, the direction of which is EN 20°. The crack is filled with black soil. We can see this clearly from the two sides and the bottom of the trench. The fault and crack developed in the same cultural stratum. Both of them seem to be the results of tensile deformation. The fact that they occur in the cultural stratum made of comparatively plastic clay soil and end in the bottom of the upper stratum revealed that they are the relics of quick fracture. Their occurrence can be attributed to earthquake deformation (Yao Daquan, 2004). According to the assembly of fragments of cultural relics, the cultural stratum is Longshan cultural stratum, which has about 4,300 years’ history. Joints discovered in the ancient site in central Anhui Province Joints are mainly discovered in the prehistoric sites, which have history of about 5,500 years. During the excavation process, generally the joint surfaces are gently inclined and clearly cut through the layers. The cutting crack can be observed in some part of the joints. DEFORMATION OF BURIAL CHAMBERS The Fig. 3 is the digging scene of Warring States Period tomb in central Anhui Province: There the bulge deformation is obviously on the bottom of the chamber, which is the characteristic of deformation under compressive stress. SUBSIDENCE OF THE RELICS The ancient pathway excavated in a site in North Anhui province is one meter underneath the ground, which is the indicator of a continuous subsiding process. Furrows can be discerned in the silt underneath the north river channel. The furrows are buried by a 1.5‐meter‐high layer made of rubbles and new deposits. A complex subside‐ rise‐subside process can be perceived from the Fig. 3. CONCLUSIONS Based on the above presentation and preliminary analysis, it can be concluded that the archaeological work in ancient sites in Anhui Province has disclosed the natural deformation traces in this area. Cases of natural deformation have happened in Jianghuai area, which locates in the transition belt between North China and South China since Neolithic Age. Among these cases there must be earthquakes. However, we only have the record of earthquakes with more than 5.0 magnitude in this area in the last 500 years. (Huang Weiqiong et al., 1994). Evidently, the above materials play an important role in
our understanding and prediction of earthquakes in this area. Fig. 3: The bulge deformation on the bottom of the Warring State Period tomb in central Anhui Province OUTLOOK The above discovery is groundbreaking and directional. It provides the information for us to understand the deformation history and characteristics, to evaluate the crust stability in this area, and then to explore the tectonic activity property of Central and East China. This article is only a summary of the discovered phenomena. 1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 International Workshop on Earthquake Archaeology and Palaeoseismology 25 More specific and further research is continuing, which will be described in more elaborate papers in the future. Recently, in the international academic circle, the trend of trans‐disciplinary cooperation in studying the history of tectonic deformation in prehistoric age is gathering momentum. For example, the seismologists, geophysicists, and archaeologists cooperated to study the earthquake liquefaction in New Madrid seismic zone. During the research process, the seismologists worked over the ancient earthquake; the geophysicists help them find the accurate position of liquefaction and trial trench; and the archaeologists determined the exact time of liquefaction by assembling the cultural relics in the trial trench (Tuttle et al. 1999). The research topic of International Geoscience Programme 567(IGCP567) is seismic archaeology. Undoubtedly, the academic cooperation between researchers from seismic and archaeological field is very promising. Acknowledge: Acknowledgements: In the end, the authors would like to take this opportunity to express their cordial thanks to their counterparts in Anhui Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. References HUANG Wei‐Qiong, LI Wen‐Xiang, CAI Xue‐Feng.(1994).Research on the completeness of earthquake data in the Chinese mainland. Acta Seismologica Sinica,16(4), 423‐432(in Chinese). YAO Da‐Quan. (2004).Macroscopic and microscopic evidence of periodical stick‐slip deformation in an active fault. Recent Developments in World Seismology,(4), 6‐10(in Chinese). Tuttle, M. P., J. Collier, L. W. Wolf, and R. H. Lafferty., 1999, New evidence for a large earthquake in the New Madrid seismic zone between A.D. 1400 and 1670. Geology, 27, 7771‐7774.
Page 1: Abstracts Volume Archaeoseismology
Page 4 and 5: Edita e imprime: Sección de Public
Page 7 and 8: 1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 Internation
Page 9 and 10: the importance of performing absolu
Page 11 and 12: indicative of strike‐slip faultin
Page 13 and 14: DISCUSSION Based on detailed field
Page 15 and 16: Table 1: Source parameters used in
Page 17 and 18: elations. However, the attenuation
Page 19 and 20: mostly concentrated on the DST in I
Page 21 and 22: continuous support. N. Shalev, G. G
Page 23 and 24: The tumulus initial morphology show
Page 25: 1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 Internation
Page 29 and 30: spans, with a threefold increase fr
Page 31 and 32: Nevertheless the lack of research,
Page 33 and 34: earthquake. In uncertain cases, as
Page 35 and 36: The site reconnaissance successfull
Page 43 and 44: Table 1: Surface faulting extent re
Page 47 and 48: The graben has a markedly asymmetri
Page 53 and 54: are a valuable addition to the rout
Page 55 and 56: to 400 m) the calculated values for
Page 57 and 58: RISK ANALYSIS The created hazard ma
Page 59 and 60: 290 m water depth the basin accumul
Page 61 and 62: CONCLUSIONS From the palaeostress a
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 2: Geological map of the study
Page 71 and 72: however, the massive 1995 earthquak
Page 73 and 74: mapped on the slopes above Qiryat
Page 77 and 78:
interpreted as either an expression
Page 79 and 80:
The Shepran Cave is located on the
Page 81 and 82:
1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 Internation
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
properties. The mean value of speci
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
excavated a deep trench, thus provi
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Fig. 8: Seismic ground shaking may
Page 101 and 102:
elevant qualitative criteria are po
Page 103 and 104:
CONCLUDING REMARKS The exposed exam
Page 105 and 106:
produced by significantly different
Page 107 and 108:
It is possible that a portion of th
Page 109 and 110:
In addition, the Database of histor
Page 111 and 112:
were published by IGME (1983) and E
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
The city collapsed and it was aband
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Fig. 4: Slipped lintel in a window
Page 121 and 122:
to overcome shear resistance and in
Page 123 and 124:
Newmark, N.M. (1965). Effects of ea
Page 125 and 126:
associated with various tsunamis (<
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
this method, the magnitude of the e
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
etween pieces. Fragments have not f
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
on the exact date of the earthquake
Page 139 and 140:
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONE COLOGNE Aft
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
affecting the Alcázar was about 50
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
archaeoseismology could instead bec
Page 149 and 150:
In the area later occupied by Vilni
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Fig. 2: Assemblage of landforms ass
Page 157 and 158:
Fig. 8: Data and regression for mag
Page 159 and 160:
Fig. 3: Relationships among magnitu
Page 161 and 162:
CONCLUSIONS 1. Spatial distribution
Page 163 and 164:
The stratigraphic sequence (Fig. 4)
Page 165 and 166:
especially in the zones of hanging
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
interpretations are based on relati
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Fig. 5: Gray‐scale value laser im
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
(~40 cm), F‐ rotated building str
Page 179 and 180:
Index 1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 Inter
Page 181:
show all

Archaeoseismology and Palaeoseismology in the Alpine ... - Tierra

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?