Archaeoseismology and Palaeoseismology in the Alpine ... - Tierra

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earthquake patterns in our trenches, and to the lack of dating. The results of both logic trees applied on the Roman ruins of Baelo Claudia, although they may not be comparable that easily, differ significantly and indicate that the archaeoseismological observations are more reliable than the palaeoseismological ones in that special case. As a stand‐alone technique, palaeoseismology would have to deal with many uncertainties especially caused by the limits of site selection and earthquake identification. Archaeoseismology provides information that is more detailed and achieves a higher certainty on distinct events, but finds its weak points in regional correlation of data. The combination of both methods and their evaluation by the means of a logic tree lead to a higher level of confidence and give a more particularized quality estimation of the potential of an investigation site. Due to the lack of similar studies and the absence of sufficient numbers of PQFs and AQFs, the classification of our results is finally not possible. Acknowledgements: This study was financially supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG‐project Re 1361/9). We thank the Leibniz Institute at Kiel for radiocarbon dating and the Junta de Andalucía for the permission to work inside the ruins of Baelo Claudia and in the Gibraltar Strait National Park. References Alonso‐Villalobos, F.J., Gracia‐Prieto, F.J., Ménanteau, L., Ojeda, R. Benavente, J. & Martínez, J.A. (2003). Paléogeographie de l’anse de Bolonia (Tarifa, Espagne) à l’époque romaine. In: The 1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 International Workshop on Earthquake Archaeology and Palaeoseismology 38 Mediterranean World Environment and History. Elsevier S.A.S. Amsterdam, 407 ‐417. Atakan, K., Midzi, V., Moreno Toiran, B., Vanneste, K., Camelbeeck, T. & Meghraoui, M. (2000). Seismic hazard in regions of present day low seismic activity: uncertainties in the palaeoseismic investigations along the Bree fault scarp (Roer Graben, Belgium). Soil. Dyn. Earthquake, Eng., 20: 415‐427. Goy, J.L., Zazo, C., Mörner, N.A., Hoyos, M., Somoza, L., Lario, J., Bardají, T., Silva, P.G. & Dabrio, J.C. (1994). Pop up‐like deformation of a Roman floor and liquefaction structures in SW Spain as possible palaeoseismic indicators. Bulletin of the INQUA Neotectonics Commission, 17, 42‐44. Michetti, A.M., Audemard, F.A. & Marco, S. (2005). Future trends in Palaeoseismology: Integrated study of the seismic landscape as a vital tool in seismic hazard analyses. Tectonophysics 408 (2005) 3–21, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.05.035. Sillières, P. 1997. Baelo Claudia: Una ciudad Romana de la Bética. Junta de Andalucía ‐ Casa de Velázquez, Madrid. Silva, P.G., Borja, F., Zazo, C., Goy, J.L., T. Bardají, T., De Luque, L., Lario, J. & Dabrio, C.J. (2005). Archaeoseismic record at the ancient Roman city of Baelo Claudia (Cádiz, South Spain). Tectonophysics, 408, 129‐146. Silva P.G., Reicherter K., Grützner C., Bardají T., Lario J., Goy J.L., Zazo C., & Becker‐Heidmann P. (2009). Surface and subsurface palaeoseismic records at the ancient Roman city of Baelo Claudia and the Bolonia Bay area, Cádiz (South Spain). Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2009; v. 316: Palaeoseismology: Historical and prehistorical records of earthquake ground effects for seismic hazard assessment. Sintubin, M. & Stewart, I.S. (2008). A logical methodology for archaeoseismology: a proof of concept at the archaeological site of Sagalassos, southwest Turkey. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am, 98: 2209‐2230. Fig. 4: The Atakan et al. (2000) logic tree for Palaeoseismology consists of 12 branches and 6 nodes at which certain probabilities must be defined. The result is the probability of the preferred end solution, Pes. In the study discussed here, Pes is 0.0093, 20 times lower than the one achieved by Atakan et al. (2000) at the Bree Fault example. UNIPAS V3.0 automatically computes the Pes based on the values entered and creates the graph.
1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 International Workshop on Earthquake Archaeology and Palaeoseismology CATALOGUING EARTHQUAKE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: A TOOL FOR THE COMPARISON OF RECENT, HISTORICAL AND PALEO EARTHQUAKES L. Guerrieri (1), S. Porfido (2), E. Esposito (2), A.M. Blumetti (1), A.M. Michetti (3), M. Giulianelli (1) and E. Vittori (1) (1) Geological Survey of Italy, ISPRA, Via Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, ITALY. luca.guerrieri@isprambiente.it; annamaria.blumetti@isprambiente.it; eutizio.vittori@isprambiente.it (2) Institute for coastal marine environment, IAMC, National Research Council of Italy, Calata Porta di Massa ‐ 80133 Napoli, ITALY. sabina.porfido@iamc.cnr.it; eliana.esposito@iamc.cnr.it (3) Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio, 11, 22100, Como, ITALY. alessandro.Michetti@uninsubria.it Abstract: A global catalogue of earthquake environmental effects is under construction in the frame of the activities within the 0811 INQUA project. Data collection and implementation is based on volunteer contribution by participants to the project. Based on the applications of the ESI 2007 intensity scale, the catalogue will allow an objective comparison among earthquakes over a geological time‐window: in fact, the list of earthquakes will comprehend recent, historical and also paleoearthquakes. Environmental effects induced by five strong earthquakes occurred in the last four centuries in Southern Apennines (Italy) and recorded in historical sources have been reviewed and catalogued in a standard way in order to illustrate the added value provided by this approach for seismic hazard assessment and the relevant role played by the historical sources for the characterization of earthquake environmental effects in Italy. Key words: Earthquake Environmental Effects, ESI 2007 intensity scale, historical seismic catalogues, paleoseismicity, Italy INTRODUCTION Earthquake Environmental Effects (EEEs) are any phenomena generated by a seismic event in the natural environment (Michetti et al., 2007). They can be categorized in two main types: - Primary effects: the surface expression of the seismogenic tectonic source, including surface faulting, surface uplift and subsidence and any other surface evidence of coseismic tectonic deformation; - Secondary effects: phenomena generally induced by the ground shaking. They are conveniently classified into eight main categories: slope movements, ground settlements, ground cracks, hydrological anomalies, anomalous waves (including tsunamis), other effects (tree shaking, dust clouds, jumping stones). The use of EEEs for intensity assessment has been recently promoted by the ESI 2007 (Environmental Seismic Intensity) scale since it will unquestionably provide an added value to traditional intensity evaluations being applicable also in not inhabited areas and not afflicted by saturation of all diagnostic effects even for the greatest earthquakes. In addition, some environmental morphogenetic effects (either primary and secondary) can be stored in the palaeoseismological record, allowing to expand the time window for seismic hazard assessment up to tens of thousands of years (e.g. Guerrieri et al., 2007; Porfido et al., 2007). The aim of this note is i) to point out the added value provided by cataloguing EEEs in a standardized way in order to allow an objective comparison of historical earthquakes, with recent and paleo events in terms of intensity assessment; ii) to illustrate some examples of 39 Italian historical earthquakes whit particular focus on the retrieval of environmental effects from the original descriptions. THE EEE CATALOGUE In the frame of the INQUA (International Union for Quaternary Research) activities, a network of geologists, seismologists and engineers experts in the characterization of environmental effects from modern, historical and paleoseismic earthquakes is working on designing and compiling a new catalogue of Earthquake Environmental Effects (EEE Catalogue) of seismic events worldwide. The main objective of the EEE Catalogue will be to bridge a gap between recent, historical and also paleoearthquakes (e.g. data deriving from paleoseismic investigations). Fig. 1.The web interface for the remote implementation of the EEE Catalogue http://www.eeecatalog.sinanet.apat.it/login.php
Page 1: Abstracts Volume Archaeoseismology
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Page 9 and 10: the importance of performing absolu
Page 11 and 12: indicative of strike‐slip faultin
Page 13 and 14: DISCUSSION Based on detailed field
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Page 23 and 24: The tumulus initial morphology show
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Page 57 and 58: RISK ANALYSIS The created hazard ma
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excavated a deep trench, thus provi
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1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 Internation
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Fig. 8: Seismic ground shaking may
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elevant qualitative criteria are po
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CONCLUDING REMARKS The exposed exam
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produced by significantly different
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It is possible that a portion of th
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In addition, the Database of histor
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were published by IGME (1983) and E
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The city collapsed and it was aband
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Fig. 4: Slipped lintel in a window
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to overcome shear resistance and in
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Newmark, N.M. (1965). Effects of ea
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associated with various tsunamis (<
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this method, the magnitude of the e
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etween pieces. Fragments have not f
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on the exact date of the earthquake
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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONE COLOGNE Aft
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affecting the Alcázar was about 50
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archaeoseismology could instead bec
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In the area later occupied by Vilni
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Fig. 2: Assemblage of landforms ass
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Fig. 8: Data and regression for mag
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Fig. 3: Relationships among magnitu
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CONCLUSIONS 1. Spatial distribution
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The stratigraphic sequence (Fig. 4)
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especially in the zones of hanging
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interpretations are based on relati
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Fig. 5: Gray‐scale value laser im
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(~40 cm), F‐ rotated building str
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Index 1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 Inter
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