Archaeoseismology and Palaeoseismology in the Alpine ... - Tierra

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The age of the terraces could be considered, in general, include into the Upper Pleistocene (
1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 International Workshop on Earthquake Archaeology and Palaeoseismology ARCHAEOSEISMOLOGICAL APPROACH ON STONE HERITAGES IN GYEONGJU AREA, SE KOREA K. Jin (1), M. Lee (1) and Y.S. Kim (1,*) (1) Dept. of Environmental Geosciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 608‐737, KOREA. * ysk7909@pknu.ac.kr Abstract: According to historical records, the Gyeongju area has significantly been affected by earthquakes. Recently, a fallen carved Buddha statue was found in Gyeongju. Based on the artistic style of the Buddha, the carving age of the Buddha statue is accidentally coincided with the time of the earthquake in 779 A.D. Therefore, the possibility of interrelationship between the fallen Buddha statue and the 779 earthquake was examined, and its original location and direction were restored. For these purposes, the fracture patterns within the fallen Buddha statue and the surrounding outcrop were compared. Consequently, they are well matched if the fallen Buddha statue is rotated back 20° clockwise supposing its upright position. Although we can not sure about the consistency of the timing between the falling of the statue and the 779 earthquake, the Buddha statue must be fallen down by any episodic forces. Other possible earthquake damages are shown on some other historical heritages in this area and also reported in historical records. According to the recent geological and archaeoseismological studies, the Gyeongju area might not be free from future earthquakes hazards. Key words: historical heritage, archaeoseismology, Gyeongju, earthquake INTRODUCTION The Korean peninsula has been considered to be relatively tectonically safe compared with neighboring countries such as Japan and Taiwan, because it locates within the Eurasian intracontinental region. However, many Quaternary faults have recently been reported along the Yangsan and Ulsan faults, major tectonic features in SE Korea (Fig. 1). In particular, historical records for the Gyeongju area, one of the oldest capital cities in Korea, demonstrate that seismic events have significantly affected lives and properties of this city. The study area is a useful place for paleoseismological studies, because it contains many historical heritages. For example, the 779 earthquake reported in a famous historic book, Samguksagi, had an inferred magnitude of M=6.7 and resulted in over one hundred causalities and many destructions of buildings (Lee and Na, 1983; Lee and Jin, 1991; Lee, 1998). Other earthquake damages were also reported in historical records. Therefore, the aim of this study is examining the affects of paleoseismological events recorded on cultural heritages in Gyeongju area. GENERAL GEOLOGY The basement of the study area consists of Cretaceous sedimentary rocks forming part of the Gyeongsang Basin, which is intruded by Cretaceous and Tertiary igneous rocks (Fig. 1). The study area, Gyeongju city, is located around the junction between the Yangsan and Ulsan faults. The geometry of the intersection between the Yangsan and Ulsan faults is quite similar to the simulated model of λ‐fault (Du and Aydin, 1995) and reported small scale λ‐fault (Kim et al., 2000). Recently, more than 20 Quaternary faults have been reported around the Yangsan and Ulsan fault system, which are the major fault 63 system around the Gyeongsang Basin (Lee and Jin, 1991; Kyung and Okada, 1995; Jang, 2001; Kim and Jin, 2006). These indicate that the study area is a potential area to be affected by high earthquake activities. Fig. 1: Location and geological maps of the study area (from Jin et al., in press). RESTORATION OF THE ORIGINAL POSITION OF THE FALLEN BUDDHA STATUE In May of 2007, a fallen rock with carved Buddha statue was discovered, which was resting on the 45° slope of the Yeolam valley, Gyeongju (Fig. 2). The Buddha statue was carved on Cretaceous granite. Based on the artistic style of the Buddha statue, the construction age of the Buddha
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Abstracts Volume Archaeoseismology
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Edita e imprime: Sección de Public
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1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 Internation
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the importance of performing absolu
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indicative of strike‐slip faultin
Page 13 and 14: DISCUSSION Based on detailed field
Page 15 and 16: Table 1: Source parameters used in
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Page 21 and 22: continuous support. N. Shalev, G. G
Page 23 and 24: The tumulus initial morphology show
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Page 27 and 28: our understanding and prediction of
Page 29 and 30: spans, with a threefold increase fr
Page 31 and 32: Nevertheless the lack of research,
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Page 35 and 36: The site reconnaissance successfull
Page 43 and 44: Table 1: Surface faulting extent re
Page 47 and 48: The graben has a markedly asymmetri
Page 53 and 54: are a valuable addition to the rout
Page 55 and 56: to 400 m) the calculated values for
Page 57 and 58: RISK ANALYSIS The created hazard ma
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Page 61 and 62: CONCLUSIONS From the palaeostress a
Page 63: Fig. 2: Geological map of the study
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Page 87 and 88: properties. The mean value of speci
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Page 99 and 100: Fig. 8: Seismic ground shaking may
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Page 103 and 104: CONCLUDING REMARKS The exposed exam
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Page 109 and 110: In addition, the Database of histor
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The city collapsed and it was aband
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Fig. 4: Slipped lintel in a window
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to overcome shear resistance and in
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Newmark, N.M. (1965). Effects of ea
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associated with various tsunamis (<
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this method, the magnitude of the e
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etween pieces. Fragments have not f
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on the exact date of the earthquake
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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONE COLOGNE Aft
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affecting the Alcázar was about 50
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archaeoseismology could instead bec
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In the area later occupied by Vilni
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Fig. 2: Assemblage of landforms ass
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Fig. 8: Data and regression for mag
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Fig. 3: Relationships among magnitu
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CONCLUSIONS 1. Spatial distribution
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The stratigraphic sequence (Fig. 4)
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especially in the zones of hanging
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interpretations are based on relati
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Fig. 5: Gray‐scale value laser im
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(~40 cm), F‐ rotated building str
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Index 1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 Inter
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