Archaeoseismology and Palaeoseismology in the Alpine ... - Tierra

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statue was estimated around late 8 th century. Its weight is about 70 tons and its dimension is about 250×190×620 cm. Accidentally, the timing of the earthquake in 779 AD is coincide with the carving age of the Buddha statue. Therefore, the possibility of the interrelationship between the falling of the Buddha statue and the 779 AD earthquake was examined, and its original location and direction were restored. Fig. 2: a) & b) Overview of the study site showing unstable slope and the fallen Yeolam Buddha statue. c) close‐up photograph of the face of the Yeolam Buddha statue (from Jin et al., in press). To trace the original position of the fallen Buddha statue, we performed the fracture analysis on the fallen Buddha 1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 International Workshop on Earthquake Archaeology and Palaeoseismology 64 statue and in situ granite. A well exposed outcrop was selected to analyze the structural elements such as faults, joints, and veins. A 1m × 1m grids were made for this fracture mapping (Fig. 3). We also measured other fractures in situ granites and enveloping planes of the Buddha statue. Four main fracture sets were identified in the in situ granite. The attitudes of the fracture sets are recognized as follows: EW/65°N (set A), N12°E/79°SE (set B), N63°W/55NE (set C), NS/82°W (set D), and N13°W/8°SW (set E; sheeting joints) (Fig. 3, 4). The fracture sets were named from set A to set E, arbitrarily. The fallen Buddha statue is enveloped by six planes. The attitudes of the five planes are as follows: N36°W/60°NE (bottom plane), N24°E/36°NW (back side), N77°W/58°SW (south side) EW/68°N (north side) (Fig. 4). We could not measure the carving plane, because of the protection plan of the cultural properties. The fractures measured around the fallen Buddha statue are compared with the fracture sets determined from the in situ granite. The fractures measured off the fallen Buddha statue well matched with the fracture sets from in situ granite if the fallen statue were rotated 20° clockwise back to its original position. Therefore, it is interpreted that the Buddha statue fell down with 20° anticlockwise rotation (Fig. 4). Fig. 3: Detailed grid map on the horizontal plane around the fallen Yeolam Buddha statue. a) Photo mosaic of the horizontal plane. b) Sketch map of the structural elements and locations of sense indicators of the horizontal section. Note that the equal‐area stereographic projection shows fracture sets developed in horizontal plane. b‐1 & b‐2: Slip sense indicators on the horizontal plane show left‐lateral slip set C cross‐ cutting set B (from Jin et al., in press).
1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 International Workshop on Earthquake Archaeology and Palaeoseismology Fig. 4: a) Photograph shows the resting position of the fallen Yeolam Buddha statue. A geologist is measuring the fractures on the rock block of the statue. b) Measured fracture surfaces surrounding the fallen Yeolam Buddha statue. c‐1) Equal‐area stereographic projection for the present‐state surrounding surfaces of the fallen statue. c‐2) Restored stereographic projection of the surrounding surfaces by matching the sheeting joint with the bottom surface of the statue. c‐3) Equal‐area stereographic projection shows major fracture sets within in situ granite. c‐4) The major fracture sets in the statue are 20° rotation of the fracture sets to the clockwise direction, major fracture sets within in situ granite, and the matching of the these fracture systems. d) Block diagrams show upright position in present state (left) and restored position with 20° clockwise. OTHER EXAMPLES The Gyeongju city is the capital city of the Silla Dynasty for 1000 years from 57 BC to 935 AD. It contains many historical heritages and records. According to historical records, the city has experienced many big earthquakes, which have resulted in extensive damages to the heritages of the Silla Dynasty. Hwangryongsa nine‐story wooden pagoda The Hwangryongsa nine‐story wooden pagoda was built in 645 AD. It has been repaired six times. Especially, according to the Chaljubongi, one of the historical records of Silla Dynasty, the pagoda has been destroyed by an earthquake occurring in the 8 th and 9 th centuries. It was fragile because of its big height (approximately 80 m). Cheomseongdae observatory Gravity is always a common factor in any construction. However, horizontal force is not common, its action is episodic, and its magnitudes are uncertain (Marco, 2008). Therefore, large heavy block is only shifted by earthquakes, unless the construction was ever buried (Marco, 2008). The Cheomseongdae observatory (Fig. 5) was built during the Queen Seondeok period (632‐647 AD) of the Silla Dynasty. It is the oldest astronomical observatory in East Asia. It is 5.17 m in diameter and 9.4 m in height, with 362 stone blocks. The Cheomseongdae leans to the north about 4° and it shows a horizontal shift in its large ashlars (Fig. 5), which may be caused by episodic forces. In other words, only earthquakes could have shifted the large blocks by horizontal sliding. 65 Historical records also support that the Cheomseongdae was damaged by big earthquakes. The Seokgatap The Bulguksa Temple was built in 751 AD. It contains two pagodas, the Seokgatap and the Dabotap. In 1966, the Mukseojipyeon, the historical records, was discovered during repairing the Seokgatap. It reports that the Seokgatap has been destroyed twice in 1024 and 1038 by big earthquakes (National Museum of Korea, 1997). It also records that stairs and bridges of the Bulguksa Temple were destroyed by big earthquake (National Museum of Korea, 1997). Fig. 5: a) Overview of the damaged Cheomseongdae obsevatory in Gyeongju. b) & c) Horizontal shift of ashlars of the Cheomseongdae. The cause is attributed to earthquakes.
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Abstracts Volume Archaeoseismology
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Edita e imprime: Sección de Public
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1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 Internation
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the importance of performing absolu
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indicative of strike‐slip faultin
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DISCUSSION Based on detailed field
Page 15 and 16: Table 1: Source parameters used in
Page 17 and 18: elations. However, the attenuation
Page 19 and 20: mostly concentrated on the DST in I
Page 21 and 22: continuous support. N. Shalev, G. G
Page 23 and 24: The tumulus initial morphology show
Page 25 and 26: 1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 Internation
Page 27 and 28: our understanding and prediction of
Page 29 and 30: spans, with a threefold increase fr
Page 31 and 32: Nevertheless the lack of research,
Page 33 and 34: earthquake. In uncertain cases, as
Page 35 and 36: The site reconnaissance successfull
Page 43 and 44: Table 1: Surface faulting extent re
Page 47 and 48: The graben has a markedly asymmetri
Page 53 and 54: are a valuable addition to the rout
Page 55 and 56: to 400 m) the calculated values for
Page 57 and 58: RISK ANALYSIS The created hazard ma
Page 59 and 60: 290 m water depth the basin accumul
Page 61 and 62: CONCLUSIONS From the palaeostress a
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 2: Geological map of the study
Page 65: 1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 Internation
Page 71 and 72: however, the massive 1995 earthquak
Page 73 and 74: mapped on the slopes above Qiryat
Page 77 and 78: interpreted as either an expression
Page 79 and 80: The Shepran Cave is located on the
Page 87 and 88: properties. The mean value of speci
Page 91 and 92: excavated a deep trench, thus provi
Page 99 and 100: Fig. 8: Seismic ground shaking may
Page 101 and 102: elevant qualitative criteria are po
Page 103 and 104: CONCLUDING REMARKS The exposed exam
Page 105 and 106: produced by significantly different
Page 107 and 108: It is possible that a portion of th
Page 109 and 110: In addition, the Database of histor
Page 111 and 112: were published by IGME (1983) and E
Page 115 and 116: The city collapsed and it was aband
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Fig. 4: Slipped lintel in a window
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to overcome shear resistance and in
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Newmark, N.M. (1965). Effects of ea
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associated with various tsunamis (<
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this method, the magnitude of the e
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etween pieces. Fragments have not f
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on the exact date of the earthquake
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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONE COLOGNE Aft
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affecting the Alcázar was about 50
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archaeoseismology could instead bec
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In the area later occupied by Vilni
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Fig. 2: Assemblage of landforms ass
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Fig. 8: Data and regression for mag
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Fig. 3: Relationships among magnitu
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CONCLUSIONS 1. Spatial distribution
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The stratigraphic sequence (Fig. 4)
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especially in the zones of hanging
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interpretations are based on relati
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Fig. 5: Gray‐scale value laser im
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(~40 cm), F‐ rotated building str
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Index 1 st INQUA‐IGCP‐567 Inter
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