Governing property, making the modern state - PSI424

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question of ‘Ajaj Bey, the governor’s nephew, acting unofficially as tapu scribe or yoklama scribe in various villages of the district including Bait Ra’s, and of Da’ud ‘Abbada’s opposition to him. ‘Ajaj Bey himself was not called to answer questions. Nor was anyone who might have opposed Hasan al-Sabbah’s claim to have been a headman of Bait Ra’s, whether Salim Abu Qasim or a Hamuri. The investigation reveals tensions during tapu registration over village leadership and proof of title to land by hakk-ı karar or by bedel-i misl. It is here that the question of residence arises. Hakk-ı karar signified ten years’ continuous tenure as a cultivator. In a later part of the investigation Da’ud ‘Abbada said that most people of Bait Ra’s were ‘ploughmen of the region’ (bilad-ı harise) and outsiders (yabancı), thus not entitled to hakk-ı karar. 12 However, one of Hasan al-Sabbah’s witnesses, Ahmad al-‘Ali, was awarded title yet told the committee that he had only moved to live in Bait Ra’s two years previously. Hasan al-Sabbah and other Bani Ta‘an families may have been trying to establish their title to land in Bait Ra’s without being yet resident. In the particular case of Bait Ra’s, residence appears to have been a condition for being awarded title to land. We turn now to an analysis of the village’s tapu registers of 1880. 1880 tapu registration There are four features of the tapu registration of Bait Ra’s in 1880 which are unusual: (1) the concern by residents to register everything of potential value in the village; this included one-dönüm plots on miri tenure in the village site, and cisterns and wells on mülk tenure; (2) the coincidence of shareholdings and householdings, each shareholding in the plough land corresponding to exactly one house with the same composition of co-sharers; (3) registration of one-fifth of the plough land in a joint holding of all individual shareholdings; and (4) the allowance of two shares of plough land to the headman. We consider each feature in turn. (1) The 1880 list of landholdings for Bait Ra’s is divided into two parts, the first listing 16 shareholdings on a single large field of 12,000 dönüms called khamis wa-baiqa (biq‘a in later records, the two names together referring to the rich lands to the south of the village site), the second listing 15 one-dönüm plots on the village site. 13 The 16 shareholdings comprise 15 individual holdings totalling 24 shares and one of six shares held jointly by the first 15. With one difference, the holdings of one-dönüm plots on the village site are the same as the first 15 shareholdings. Most of the shareholdings are of families which continued to hold land in 1921 (see Table 9.1). The registration of cisterns or wells too is unusual. Of the 55 entries in the list of mülk, 19 are of houses and 36 of cisterns or wells (bir). The last four cisterns in the list were for storing water and were common to the people of the village (‘müşâ’ olarak umum-i kariye ahalisine meşrut eder ki’). The others were mostly for storing wheat: five were for chaff and one for barley. Not every householding had a cistern or share in a cistern (four being held jointly); and some had more than others, notably ‘Ali Muhammad Hamuri and his brothers. The total value 111 Two plains villages
TABLE 9.1 Bait Ra’s, complete holdings 1880, 1895 and 1921 1880 Name Father Father’s Family Musha‘ Share House House father no. no. value 1 Ibrahim ‘Isa Haili 1a 2 11a 2000 2 ‘Abdul-Qadir ‘Isa Haili 1b 11b 3 Qasim Muhammad Haili 1c 11c 4 Mahmud Lafi ‘Isa Haili 2a 1.5 8b 5 ‘Ali Lafi ‘Isa Haili 2b 8c 6 Hamid Lafi ‘Isa Haili 2c 8d 7 Husain Lafi ‘Isa Haili 2d 8e 8 Lafi ‘Isa Haili 8a 2000 9 Ibrahim Mustafa Hamuri 4a 2.5 7a 3000 10 ‘Abdullah Mustafa Hamuri 4b 7c 11 Sulaiman Mustafa Hamuri 4c 7b 12 Mustafa Mustafa Hamuri 4d 7d 13 Shahada Ahmad Kaufahi 5a 2 6a 2500 14 Muhammad ‘Ali Kaufahi 5b 6b 15 Sa‘d ‘Ali Kaufahi 5c 16 ‘Uqla Qasim Kaufahi 5d 6c 17 Khalaf Qasim Kaufahi 5e 18 ‘Awad Hamad Husain Hamuri 6a 2.5 4a 2000 19 ‘Uwaid Hamad Husain Hamuri 6b 4b 20 ‘Ali Muhammad Husain Hamuri 7a 4 1a 5000 21 ‘Alaiyan Muhammad Husain Hamuri 7b 1b 22 Hasan Muhammad Husain Hamuri 7c 1c 23 ‘Uqla Ahmad Hamuri 8 0.5 5 1500 24 Husain Muhammad Shuha 9 0.5 16 1300 25 ‘Abdul-Muhsin Hasan 10 0.5 15 1200 26 Mas‘ud Mustafa 12a 0.5 14b 27 Yusuf Mustafa Salim Abu Salim 12b 14a 1700 28 Ahmad ‘Ali 15 1.5 9 1000 29 ‘Ata’allah Khalil 3 1.5 13 30 ‘Ali Muhammad Wibran 11a 2 18a 4000 31 ‘Awad ‘Ali Muhammad Wibran 11b 18b 32 Husain ‘Ali Muhammad Wibran 11c 18d 33 Isma‘il ‘Ali Muhammad Wibran 11d 18c 34 Muhammad Ahmad Musa Mandahani 13a 0.5 12a 2000 35 ‘Ali Ahmad Musa Mandahani 13b 12b 36 ‘Ali Musa 14 2 3 2000 37 [joint] 16 6 38 Shtawi ‘Umar 2 2000 39 Mustafa ‘Auda 10a 2000 40 Musa Ibrahim 10b 41 ‘Abdullah Mas‘ad 17a 3000 42 Shahada Mas‘ad 17b 43 Salim ‘Ali Muhammad Hamuri 19a 1500 44 Salih ‘Ali Muhammad Hamuri 19b 45 Matar ‘Uwaida 46 Dhiyab ‘Umar ‘Uwaida 47 Muhammad ‘Abdullah Jum‘a 48 Mahmud ‘Abdullah 49 ‘Abdul-‘Aziz Ahmad
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Governing property, making the mode
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Published in 2007 by I.B.Tauris & C
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6 The introduction of bureaucratic
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Maps, figures and tables Maps 5.1 T
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Note on transliteration, datation a
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Acknowledgements We have accumulate
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1 | Introduction Two documents On 1
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Legal doctrine here frames property
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The case occurred some five years a
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of first instance. 25 Only a few ye
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PART ONE | Ottoman jurisprudence co
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Part one | 2 remained fixed regardl
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Part one | 2 mülk land. The Ottoma
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Part one | 2 tax revenue the timari
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Part one | 2 only out of the necess
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Part one | 2 devolution of offices,
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Part one | 3 enjoy greater politica
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Part one | 3 equivalent of a grant
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Part one | 3 fetwa concerning a cul
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Part one | 3 Muhammad al-‘Imadi (
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Part one | 3 character of the culti
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Part one | 3 the provisions of the
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Part one | 3 others died creating a
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Part one | 3 is commended, forcible
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Part one | 3 criterion by which to
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4 | Legal reform from the 1830s to
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Part one | 4 administration require
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Part one | 4 prosecution of corrupt
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Part one | 4 together with the land
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Part one | 4 holders of miri land t
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Part one | 4 the Meclis-i Vala, con
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Part one | 4 were issued that marke
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Introduction The last chapter descr
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5 | Production and settlement in th
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Kufrinja
Page 76 and 77: Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
Page 78 and 79: Jordan River Lake Tiberias Khirbat
Page 80 and 81: nahiye lie three further foothill v
Page 82 and 83: to the three districts of ‘Ajlun,
Page 84 and 85: Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
Page 86 and 87: in the second from 22 to 24; in the
Page 88 and 89: The complaint to Istanbul by the vi
Page 90 and 91: souls [i.e. those listed above], we
Page 92 and 93: estricted to plough agriculture of
Page 94 and 95: these villages to register land. Al
Page 96 and 97: eturned to Irbid they would be repa
Page 98 and 99: al-Fattah Efendi had come to the di
Page 100 and 101: After the series of sessions come i
Page 102 and 103: unacceptable acts: pretending to de
Page 104 and 105: Da’ud ‘Abbada and Jurji Qabawat
Page 106 and 107: which later was to be subdivided in
Page 108 and 109: in descending rank order by size in
Page 110 and 111: acking as tax collectors. Ibrahim E
Page 112 and 113: ecame standardized across large are
Page 114 and 115: villages to the large area of exten
Page 116 and 117: title document or, if it had been l
Page 118: Local political leaders came gradua
Page 122 and 123: Introduction Part three considers t
Page 124 and 125: shares in plough land in 1895 was a
Page 128 and 129: 1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
Page 130 and 131: 1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
Page 132 and 133: marriage links by the mid-1890s wit
Page 134 and 135: holdings numbered 33 to 57) were no
Page 136 and 137: Figure 9.2 Bait Ra’s, households
Page 138 and 139: But it makes clear that the fight w
Page 140 and 141: in 1880, 1895 and 1921. The table
Page 142 and 143: Nineteenth-century Ottoman land ref
Page 144 and 145: Unsettledness: initial registration
Page 146 and 147: 11 2 [Kirsanna] ‘Awwad ‘Abdul-R
Page 148 and 149: Figure 9.3 Hawwara, genealogy of th
Page 150 and 151: ecorded in the 1895 tax register. C
Page 152 and 153: which in 1895 had been held by Sali
Page 154 and 155: adjusted to entries in the tapu reg
Page 156 and 157: By 1895 the village had expanded in
Page 158 and 159: There was ambiguity in the nature o
Page 160 and 161: the three blocks of land seem to ha
Page 162 and 163: instance, one sub-group of eight sh
Page 164 and 165: ut would appear to have come togeth
Page 166 and 167: composed of the Haddad, Da’ud,
Page 168 and 169: with the formal division into secti
Page 170 and 171: affinal links. In a close-knit comm
Page 172 and 173: TABLE 10.1 Kufr ‘Awan, properties
Page 174 and 175: 19c Hasan Sulaiman Fallah 678a 1/4
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householder or the holder of an oli
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egistration ‘Abdullah had no chil
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crop rotation and reallotment of ho
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payment. His case too is discussed
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Figure 10.3 Kufr Àwan, households
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Figure 10.5 Kufr Àwan, households
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on the other hand, there is an inhe
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1940). The other ¾q of Zarifa’s
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most valuable asset of villagers, l
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TABLE 10.2 Khanzira, share per pers
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olive trees; 215 plots were registe
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on another family’s land; and ano
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to 31, and in 14 of the mutations t
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plough animals and male labour. Cro
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Figure 11.1 Tannash family holdings
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nu‘mana as fodder. As a summer cr
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It appears that at the time land wa
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Figure 11.3 Marriage relations of t
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substantial say in the control of l
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atls of lentils, one-half ratl of s
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had often moved once or twice comin
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Figure 11.5 Gharaiba intermarriages
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Figure 11.6 Ahmad Àbid-Rabbuh’s
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Figure 11.7 Holdings of Àbdul-Ghan
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exercised over crop rotation or the
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Figure 12.1 Family links of Husna S
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did he plough. This statement appea
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Figure 12.2 Marriage links of Ahmad
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each being registered as owning 1½
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(‘urja) at her wedding. Her husba
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Figure 12.4 The marriages of Ibrahi
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notables (wujuh) Hasan al-Salim, Ib
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Figure 12.5 The children of Sheikh
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weeks under the tree, and eventuall
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Figure 12.6 Family links of Yumna M
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with almond-shaped openings, built
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Epilogue eighteenth centuries the c
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Epilogue bedouin groups. Thus, in t
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Notes to chapter 1 landholdings in
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Notes to chapters 1 and 2 wa-jiwaru
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Notes to chapter 2 nakl olunmaz; ta
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Notes to chapters 2 and 3 question;
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Notes to chapter 3 the muftis). The
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Notes to chapter 3 cites Masters, T
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Notes to chapter 3 Yahya Efendi - p
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Notes to chapters 3 and 4 taxes imp
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Notes to chapter 4 19 There is a di
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Notes to chapter 4 enough to shelte
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Notes to chapters 5 and 6 6 On the
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Notes to chapter 6 the debt; the vi
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Notes to chapters 6 and 7 to the pr
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Notes to chapter 7 10 Later in the
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Notes to chapter 7 36 BOA.ŞD.2273/
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Notes to chapter 8 ent administrati
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Notes to chapter 9 ing at that time
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Notes to chapter 9 Hamid, Hamuda an
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Notes to chapters 9 and 10 leaving
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Notes to chapter 10 AT.Yoklama, Ağ
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Notes to chapter 10 trees on villag
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Notes to chapter 11 April 1927, con
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Notes to chapter 11 and Mustafa al-
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Notes to chapter 12 6 DLS.AT.Yoklam
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Notes to chapter 12 on 29 June and
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Notes to chapter 12 and Epilogue 61
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Bibliography the order of Emir Ibra
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Bibliography The Economic History o
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Bibliography Empire: Agrarian power
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Bibliography Peake, Frederik, Ta’
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Bibliography Near Eastern Studies,
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Index Bani Hasan, 57, 58, 65, 68, 8
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Index al-‘Imadi, Hamid ibn Àli,
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Index orchards, as objects of regis
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Index temettuat, 42, 66 threshing,
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