— ‘Violence in Rural Syria in <strong>the</strong> 1880s and 1890s: State centralization, rural integration, and <strong>the</strong> world market’, in F. Kazemi and J. Waterbury (eds), Peasants and Politics in <strong>the</strong> Modern Middle East (Miami, University of Florida Press, 1991), pp. 50–84. Schumacher, Gottlieb, Nor<strong>the</strong>rn ‘Ajlun: ‘Within <strong>the</strong> Decapolis’ (London, Alexander P. Watt, 1890). al-Sharayda, Ayman, Dirasat watha’iqiya li-jabal ‘Ajlun (wa-’l-Kura) min khilal al-mahfuzat al-malakiya al-misriya (Amman, Jordan University Press, 1995). — (ed.) Daftar mufassal dara’ib nawahi jabal ‘Ajlun fi ’l-‘ahd al-‘uthmani li-‘am 1312H/1893M [sic] (Irbid, 1996) — Nahiyat al-Kura fi qada’ ‘Ajlun 1864–1918M (Amman, Ministry of Culture, 1998). Shaw, Stanford J. and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of <strong>the</strong> Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, 2 vols (Cambridge UP, 1976–77). Shaykhizadeh, Damad Efendi (d. 1667), Majma‘ al-anhar, a commentary on Ibrahim al-Halabi’s (d. 1549) Multaqa al-abhur (Beirut, n.p., 1974) [İstanbul, Matbaa-i Amire, 1317–19 edition]. Singer, Amy, Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials: Rural administration around sixteenth-century Jerusalem (Cambridge UP, 1994). Sluglett, Peter and M. Farouk-Sluglett, ‘The application of <strong>the</strong> 1858 land code in Greater Syria: some preliminary observations’, in T. Khalidi (ed.), Land Tenure and Social Transformation in <strong>the</strong> Middle East (Beirut, American University of Beirut Press, 1984), pp. 409–21. Stein, Kenneth, The Land Question in Palestine, 1917–1939 (Chapel Hill, North Carolina UP, 1984). Şener, Abdüllatif, Tanzimat Dönemi Osmanlı Vergi Sistemi (İstanbul, İşaret, 1995). Tamdoğan, Işık, ‘Le nezir ou les relations des bandits et des nomads avec l’État dans la Çukurova du XVIIIe siècle’, 297 in Afifi et al. (eds), Sociétés rurales ottomanes (2005), pp. 259–69. Taminian, Lucine, ‘‘Ain’, in M. Mundy and R. Saumarez Smith (eds), Part-Time Farming: Agricultural development in <strong>the</strong> Zarqa river basin, Jordan (Irbid, Yarmouk UP, 1990), pp. 13–59. Terzibaşoğlu, Yücel, Landlords, Nomads and Refugees: Struggles over land and population movements in North-Western Anatolia, 1877–1914, Unpublished PhD dissertation, Birkbeck College, University of London (2003). Thomas, Yan, ‘Le sujet de droit, la personne et la nature: note sur la critique contemporaine du sujet de droit’, Le Débat c (1998), pp. 85–107. ‘Ubaidat, Sulaiman, al-Tatawwur al-hadari li-qada’ Bani Kinana (fi muhafazat Irbid) min ‘am 1900–1984 (Amman, Matabi‘ Jam‘iyat ‘Ummal al-Matabi‘ al-Ta‘awuniya, 1984). el-Üskübi, Pir Mehmed (d. 1020/1611–12), Zahir ül-Kudat, in Akgündüz: Osmanlı Kanunnameleri, vol. 9, pp. 395–483. Veinstein, Gilles, ‘On <strong>the</strong> çiftlik debate’, in Ç. Keyder and F. Tabak (eds), Landholding and Commercial Agriculture in <strong>the</strong> Middle East (Albany, State University of New York Press, 1991), pp. 35–53. — ‘İnalcık’s views on <strong>the</strong> Ottoman eighteenth century and <strong>the</strong> fiscal problem’, Oriente Moderno, n.s., xviii/1 (1999), pp. 1–10. — ‘Sur les na’ib ottomans’, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam xxv (2001), pp. 247–67. — ‘Les ottomans: fonctionnarisation des clercs, cléricalisation de l’État’, in D. Iogna-Prat et G. Veinstein (eds), Histoires des hommes de Dieu (Paris, Flammarion, 2003), pp. 179–202. von Schlegell, Barbara, Sufism in <strong>the</strong> Ottoman Arab World: Shaykh ‘Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi (d. 1143/1731), Unpublished PhD dissertation, Bibliography
Bibliography Near Eastern Studies, University of California, Berkeley (1997). Warriner, Doreen, Land and Poverty in <strong>the</strong> Middle East (London, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1948). Wcislo, Francis, Reforming Rural Russia: State, local society, and national politics, 1855–1914 (Princeton UP, 1990). Wilson, Mary, King Abdullah, Britain and <strong>the</strong> Making of Jordan (Cambridge UP, 1987). Yenişehirli, Abdullah (d. 1716) Behcet ülfetava ma’an-nukul (İstanbul, Matbaa-i Amire, 1289AH/1872). Young, George, Corps de Droit Ottoman: Recueil des codes, lois, règlements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit intérieur, et études sur le droit coutumier de l’empire ottoman, 7 vols (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1905–06). Yunus, ‘Abed K., The Articulation of Civil Law and Customary Law, Unpublished MA <strong>the</strong>sis, Institute of Archaeology 298 and Anthropology, Yarmouk University (1987). Ziaul Haque, Landlord and Peasant in Early Islam: A study of <strong>the</strong> legal doctrine of muzara‘a or sharecropping (Islamabad, Islamic Research Institute Press, 1977). Zilfi, Madeleine, The Politics of Piety: The Ottoman ulema in <strong>the</strong> postclassical age (1600–1800) (Minneapolis, Biblio<strong>the</strong>ca Islamica, 1988). Ziya’l-Din, Mükemmil ve Muvazzıh Şerh-i Kanun-i Arazi (İstanbul, Kasbar, 1311/1893–94). Ziyadeh, ‘Ali, ‘Qariyat Tall al-Arba‘in’, in M. Mundy (ed.), al-Qariya (1990), pp. 84–120. al-Zu‘bi, Maisun Sa‘id, Daur alnashat al-zira‘i fi iqtisad al-wihda al-baitiya, Dirasa anthrubulujiya liqariyat Hawwara/muhafazat Irbid, Unpublished MA <strong>the</strong>sis, Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Yarmouk University (1990).
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Governing property, making the mode
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Published in 2007 by I.B.Tauris & C
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6 The introduction of bureaucratic
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Maps, figures and tables Maps 5.1 T
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Note on transliteration, datation a
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Acknowledgements We have accumulate
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1 | Introduction Two documents On 1
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Legal doctrine here frames property
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The case occurred some five years a
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of first instance. 25 Only a few ye
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PART ONE | Ottoman jurisprudence co
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Part one | 2 remained fixed regardl
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Part one | 2 mülk land. The Ottoma
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Part one | 2 tax revenue the timari
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Part one | 2 only out of the necess
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Part one | 2 devolution of offices,
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Part one | 3 enjoy greater politica
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Part one | 3 equivalent of a grant
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Part one | 3 fetwa concerning a cul
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Part one | 3 Muhammad al-‘Imadi (
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Part one | 3 character of the culti
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Part one | 3 the provisions of the
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Part one | 3 others died creating a
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Part one | 3 is commended, forcible
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Part one | 3 criterion by which to
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4 | Legal reform from the 1830s to
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Part one | 4 administration require
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Part one | 4 prosecution of corrupt
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Part one | 4 together with the land
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Part one | 4 holders of miri land t
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Part one | 4 the Meclis-i Vala, con
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Part one | 4 were issued that marke
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Introduction The last chapter descr
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5 | Production and settlement in th
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Kufrinja
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Khirbat
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nahiye lie three further foothill v
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to the three districts of ‘Ajlun,
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
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in the second from 22 to 24; in the
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The complaint to Istanbul by the vi
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souls [i.e. those listed above], we
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estricted to plough agriculture of
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these villages to register land. Al
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eturned to Irbid they would be repa
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al-Fattah Efendi had come to the di
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After the series of sessions come i
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unacceptable acts: pretending to de
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Da’ud ‘Abbada and Jurji Qabawat
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which later was to be subdivided in
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in descending rank order by size in
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acking as tax collectors. Ibrahim E
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ecame standardized across large are
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villages to the large area of exten
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title document or, if it had been l
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Local political leaders came gradua
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Introduction Part three considers t
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shares in plough land in 1895 was a
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question of ‘Ajaj Bey, the govern
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1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
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1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
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marriage links by the mid-1890s wit
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holdings numbered 33 to 57) were no
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Figure 9.2 Bait Ra’s, households
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But it makes clear that the fight w
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in 1880, 1895 and 1921. The table
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Nineteenth-century Ottoman land ref
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Unsettledness: initial registration
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11 2 [Kirsanna] ‘Awwad ‘Abdul-R
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Figure 9.3 Hawwara, genealogy of th
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ecorded in the 1895 tax register. C
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which in 1895 had been held by Sali
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adjusted to entries in the tapu reg
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By 1895 the village had expanded in
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There was ambiguity in the nature o
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the three blocks of land seem to ha
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instance, one sub-group of eight sh
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ut would appear to have come togeth
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composed of the Haddad, Da’ud,
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with the formal division into secti
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affinal links. In a close-knit comm
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TABLE 10.1 Kufr ‘Awan, properties
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19c Hasan Sulaiman Fallah 678a 1/4
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householder or the holder of an oli
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egistration ‘Abdullah had no chil
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crop rotation and reallotment of ho
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payment. His case too is discussed
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Figure 10.3 Kufr `Awan, households
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Figure 10.5 Kufr `Awan, households
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on the other hand, there is an inhe
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1940). The other ¾q of Zarifa’s
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most valuable asset of villagers, l
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TABLE 10.2 Khanzira, share per pers
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olive trees; 215 plots were registe
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on another family’s land; and ano
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to 31, and in 14 of the mutations t
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plough animals and male labour. Cro
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Figure 11.1 Tannash family holdings
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nu‘mana as fodder. As a summer cr
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It appears that at the time land wa
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Figure 11.3 Marriage relations of t
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substantial say in the control of l
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atls of lentils, one-half ratl of s
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had often moved once or twice comin
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Figure 11.5 Gharaiba intermarriages
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Figure 11.6 Ahmad `Abid-Rabbuh’s
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Figure 11.7 Holdings of `Abdul-Ghan
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exercised over crop rotation or the
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Figure 12.1 Family links of Husna S
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did he plough. This statement appea
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Figure 12.2 Marriage links of Ahmad
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each being registered as owning 1½
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(‘urja) at her wedding. Her husba
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Figure 12.4 The marriages of Ibrahi
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notables (wujuh) Hasan al-Salim, Ib
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Figure 12.5 The children of Sheikh
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weeks under the tree, and eventuall
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Figure 12.6 Family links of Yumna M
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with almond-shaped openings, built
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Epilogue eighteenth centuries the c
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Epilogue bedouin groups. Thus, in t
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Notes to chapter 1 landholdings in
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Notes to chapters 1 and 2 wa-jiwaru
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Notes to chapter 2 nakl olunmaz; ta
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Notes to chapters 2 and 3 question;
- Page 261 and 262: Notes to chapter 3 the muftis). The
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- Page 267 and 268: Notes to chapters 3 and 4 taxes imp
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- Page 289 and 290: Notes to chapters 9 and 10 leaving
- Page 291 and 292: Notes to chapter 10 AT.Yoklama, Ağ
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- Page 295 and 296: Notes to chapter 11 April 1927, con
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- Page 301 and 302: Notes to chapter 12 on 29 June and
- Page 303 and 304: Notes to chapter 12 and Epilogue 61
- Page 305 and 306: Bibliography the order of Emir Ibra
- Page 307 and 308: Bibliography The Economic History o
- Page 309 and 310: Bibliography Empire: Agrarian power
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- Page 315 and 316: Index Bani Hasan, 57, 58, 65, 68, 8
- Page 317 and 318: Index al-‘Imadi, Hamid ibn `Ali,
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