Governing property, making the modern state - PSI424

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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Khirbat al-Wahadina Yarmuk River Um Qais Kufr 'Awan Fara Kufr Asad Khanzira ? ? ? Malka Tibna 'Ajlun ? Gurus, in thousands Saham al-Taiba 'Anjara ? 'Inba ? 'Ain Janna Burma Zarqa River al-Rafid ? al-Mazar ? ? ? ? ? 720 500 200 100 50 20 10 ? Bait Ra's ? Irbid Suf Map 5.7 Houses: total taxable value ? Harta ? al-Husn ? ? Hawwara ? 10 km ? N No data
Part two | 5 everywhere. In the different villages, the average value of a house varied from around 500 (essentially one room) to well over 3,000 guruş (Map 5.6). Villages exhibit considerable variation: the patterns subsume both differences in the size of compounds (reflecting the organization of livestock production) and in material and size of the buildings (reflecting household organization as well as wealth). In villages of the plain, such as Hawwara, houses had large compounds where animals were gathered. In the Kura villages, animals were often kept out in the countryside, cattle in the Jordan Valley and sheep in the hills. Nevertheless, extreme values are meaningful: villages with houses of very low value such as Dair Abu Sa‘id or Saham were places of poor cultivators with small households. The highest average values are found in large, prosperous villages that command important resources such as al-Husn, ‘Inba, Suf, ‘Ain Janna, Fara and Khirbat al-Wahadina. If in general substantial houses are found in larger and established villages, there are exceptions to this rule. In the corridor of lands leading down to Wadi al-‘Arab, the five houses of Sama are all of a relatively high value, 4,000 guruş, owned in four equal shares, by one man, six brothers, another man and two other brothers. This represents a housing development by a family of nahiye sheikhs that was home to labourers. Average values hide quite different types of distribution. A rough index of inequality reveals one clear pattern: villages with marked inequality in house values lie in the richest areas of market-oriented wheat production such as Hawwara, Aidun and al-Sarih or serve as site of commercial or government wealth such as Kufr Yuba (the Bataina family), al-Bariha, Irbid or Suf. By contrast, villages of the hills or the mountains exhibit relatively egalitarian distribution of house values. Again, this index may mask other inequalities: Khirbat al-Wahadina derived much of its wealth from cultivation in the Jordan Valley (al-Ghaur), where landless labourers dwelled. Given variation in house values, a mapping of total value rather than sheer numbers of houses is relevant: Map 5.7 reveals regional patterns of built settlement more clearly than Map 5.5. In the north lie villages of medium size (Saham, al-Rafid, Harta, Kufr Saum, Yubla) which form the core of the Kafarat region. To the west, the large village of Malka and the newer foundation of Um Qais stand alone along the ridge between the Yarmuk Valley and the drainage system of the Wadi al-‘Arab. Wadi al-‘Arab, with only scattered settlements, divides the north from the dense peppering of small settlements in the Wustiya where al-Taiba stands out. In the central portion of the map we may trace three lines: a series of plains villages from Bait Ra’s and Sal to al-Nu‘aima, an axis east to west across the major centres of al-Husn, al-Mazar, ‘Inba and Tibna, and a line south along the villages of the foothills above the Jordan Valley extending to the Wadi al-Yabis below Judaita. There are two pivots to these axes: the first, al-Husn, the earlier commercial centre of the region (with 26 shops in 1893 alongside Irbid’s 23 shops registered in 1883) and the second, Tibna, the largest settlement with 280 houses and earlier its indigenous political centre (but see page 91 for discussion of the internal structure of Tibna). South of the Kura 64
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Governing property, making the mode
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Published in 2007 by I.B.Tauris & C
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6 The introduction of bureaucratic
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Maps, figures and tables Maps 5.1 T
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Note on transliteration, datation a
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Acknowledgements We have accumulate
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1 | Introduction Two documents On 1
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Legal doctrine here frames property
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The case occurred some five years a
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of first instance. 25 Only a few ye
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PART ONE | Ottoman jurisprudence co
Page 27 and 28: Part one | 2 remained fixed regardl
Page 29 and 30: Part one | 2 mülk land. The Ottoma
Page 31 and 32: Part one | 2 tax revenue the timari
Page 33 and 34: Part one | 2 only out of the necess
Page 35 and 36: Part one | 2 devolution of offices,
Page 37 and 38: Part one | 3 enjoy greater politica
Page 39 and 40: Part one | 3 equivalent of a grant
Page 41 and 42: Part one | 3 fetwa concerning a cul
Page 43 and 44: Part one | 3 Muhammad al-‘Imadi (
Page 45 and 46: Part one | 3 character of the culti
Page 47 and 48: Part one | 3 the provisions of the
Page 49 and 50: Part one | 3 others died creating a
Page 51 and 52: Part one | 3 is commended, forcible
Page 53 and 54: Part one | 3 criterion by which to
Page 55 and 56: 4 | Legal reform from the 1830s to
Page 57 and 58: Part one | 4 administration require
Page 59 and 60: Part one | 4 prosecution of corrupt
Page 61 and 62: Part one | 4 together with the land
Page 63 and 64: Part one | 4 holders of miri land t
Page 65 and 66: Part one | 4 the Meclis-i Vala, con
Page 67 and 68: Part one | 4 were issued that marke
Page 70 and 71: Introduction The last chapter descr
Page 72 and 73: 5 | Production and settlement in th
Page 74 and 75: Jordan River Lake Tiberias Kufrinja
Page 76 and 77: Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
Page 80 and 81: nahiye lie three further foothill v
Page 82 and 83: to the three districts of ‘Ajlun,
Page 84 and 85: Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
Page 86 and 87: in the second from 22 to 24; in the
Page 88 and 89: The complaint to Istanbul by the vi
Page 90 and 91: souls [i.e. those listed above], we
Page 92 and 93: estricted to plough agriculture of
Page 94 and 95: these villages to register land. Al
Page 96 and 97: eturned to Irbid they would be repa
Page 98 and 99: al-Fattah Efendi had come to the di
Page 100 and 101: After the series of sessions come i
Page 102 and 103: unacceptable acts: pretending to de
Page 104 and 105: Da’ud ‘Abbada and Jurji Qabawat
Page 106 and 107: which later was to be subdivided in
Page 108 and 109: in descending rank order by size in
Page 110 and 111: acking as tax collectors. Ibrahim E
Page 112 and 113: ecame standardized across large are
Page 114 and 115: villages to the large area of exten
Page 116 and 117: title document or, if it had been l
Page 118: Local political leaders came gradua
Page 122 and 123: Introduction Part three considers t
Page 124 and 125: shares in plough land in 1895 was a
Page 126 and 127: question of ‘Ajaj Bey, the govern
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1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
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1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
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marriage links by the mid-1890s wit
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holdings numbered 33 to 57) were no
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Figure 9.2 Bait Ra’s, households
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But it makes clear that the fight w
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in 1880, 1895 and 1921. The table
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Nineteenth-century Ottoman land ref
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Unsettledness: initial registration
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11 2 [Kirsanna] ‘Awwad ‘Abdul-R
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Figure 9.3 Hawwara, genealogy of th
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ecorded in the 1895 tax register. C
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which in 1895 had been held by Sali
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adjusted to entries in the tapu reg
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By 1895 the village had expanded in
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There was ambiguity in the nature o
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the three blocks of land seem to ha
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instance, one sub-group of eight sh
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ut would appear to have come togeth
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composed of the Haddad, Da’ud,
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with the formal division into secti
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affinal links. In a close-knit comm
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TABLE 10.1 Kufr ‘Awan, properties
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19c Hasan Sulaiman Fallah 678a 1/4
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householder or the holder of an oli
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egistration ‘Abdullah had no chil
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crop rotation and reallotment of ho
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payment. His case too is discussed
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Figure 10.3 Kufr Àwan, households
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Figure 10.5 Kufr Àwan, households
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on the other hand, there is an inhe
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1940). The other ¾q of Zarifa’s
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most valuable asset of villagers, l
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TABLE 10.2 Khanzira, share per pers
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olive trees; 215 plots were registe
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on another family’s land; and ano
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to 31, and in 14 of the mutations t
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plough animals and male labour. Cro
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Figure 11.1 Tannash family holdings
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nu‘mana as fodder. As a summer cr
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It appears that at the time land wa
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Figure 11.3 Marriage relations of t
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substantial say in the control of l
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atls of lentils, one-half ratl of s
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had often moved once or twice comin
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Figure 11.5 Gharaiba intermarriages
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Figure 11.6 Ahmad Àbid-Rabbuh’s
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Figure 11.7 Holdings of Àbdul-Ghan
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exercised over crop rotation or the
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Figure 12.1 Family links of Husna S
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did he plough. This statement appea
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Figure 12.2 Marriage links of Ahmad
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each being registered as owning 1½
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(‘urja) at her wedding. Her husba
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Figure 12.4 The marriages of Ibrahi
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notables (wujuh) Hasan al-Salim, Ib
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Figure 12.5 The children of Sheikh
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weeks under the tree, and eventuall
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Figure 12.6 Family links of Yumna M
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with almond-shaped openings, built
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Epilogue eighteenth centuries the c
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Epilogue bedouin groups. Thus, in t
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Notes to chapter 1 landholdings in
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Notes to chapters 1 and 2 wa-jiwaru
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Notes to chapter 2 nakl olunmaz; ta
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Notes to chapters 2 and 3 question;
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Notes to chapter 3 the muftis). The
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Notes to chapter 3 cites Masters, T
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Notes to chapter 3 Yahya Efendi - p
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Notes to chapters 3 and 4 taxes imp
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Notes to chapter 4 19 There is a di
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Notes to chapter 4 enough to shelte
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Notes to chapters 5 and 6 6 On the
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Notes to chapter 6 the debt; the vi
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Notes to chapters 6 and 7 to the pr
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Notes to chapter 7 10 Later in the
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Notes to chapter 7 36 BOA.ŞD.2273/
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Notes to chapter 8 ent administrati
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Notes to chapter 9 ing at that time
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Notes to chapter 9 Hamid, Hamuda an
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Notes to chapters 9 and 10 leaving
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Notes to chapter 10 AT.Yoklama, Ağ
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Notes to chapter 10 trees on villag
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Notes to chapter 11 April 1927, con
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Notes to chapter 11 and Mustafa al-
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Notes to chapter 12 6 DLS.AT.Yoklam
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Notes to chapter 12 on 29 June and
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Notes to chapter 12 and Epilogue 61
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Bibliography the order of Emir Ibra
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Bibliography The Economic History o
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Bibliography Empire: Agrarian power
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Bibliography Peake, Frederik, Ta’
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Bibliography Near Eastern Studies,
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Index Bani Hasan, 57, 58, 65, 68, 8
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Index al-‘Imadi, Hamid ibn Àli,
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Index orchards, as objects of regis
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Index temettuat, 42, 66 threshing,
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