Governing property, making the modern state - PSI424

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estricted to plough agriculture of the plains but were also found in some areas of olive cultivation. While shareholding systems were more common in plains agriculture than in the mountains, we should approach the forms of holding as a continuum rather than a dichotomy; many villages with a mixture of forms lie, so to speak, in the middle. See Map 6.3. 49 Shareholding is an idiom that covered quite different practical relations in agriculture across the region; it was also an idiom well understood by the political authority of the fisc. Tapu registration was not a trigonometric survey mapping all land within village borders; it was a listing of property for which titles were given. The fees charged for the registration of land in the tapu were calculated as a percentage of land value, 5 per cent in the case of registration by the basic hakk-ı karar. In villages where shareholding systems predominated, but also occasionally where individuated plots did so, the valuation of land was done at the level of the village: in a given village the dönüm of rain-fed land was evaluated at a single rate. Since the quality of land might vary drastically within a village, variation was evened out internally by the system of allotment to shareholders to ensure that a unit share represented an equivalent holding of land. A share entitled its holder to land equal in value overall and imposed on him the duty to pay that portion of the tax. This manner of thinking of relations to land was bound up historically with block imposition of tax on the village as a whole. 50 Makhraba’s registration rests on direct relations between the administration and regional leaders and, perhaps, some limited verification by the tapu scribe of the distribution of shares in the village. One would find it hard to say that the registration of this small village had followed yoklama procedures to the letter. Ahmad Efendi al-‘Azzam, who here provides information for the registration of title in Makhraba, served at this time (1878–80) as one of the four elected members on the judicial council (meclis-i deavi) of the district. 51 In the Tanzimat reforms, the judicial council, which from 1879 became the court of first instance (bidayet mahkemesi), was responsible for all cases concerning miri land, criminal issues and most commercial matters. 52 The judicial council was thus a body that had jurisdiction over property and criminal matters, becoming increasingly professional over the years, and that served as a place of education in the new legislation for locally elected members. In the villages registered between 1876 and 1881 several patterns may be discerned. In a few substantial villages where leaders had little difficulty in proving ten years’ continuous cultivation and tax payment, notably, Nu‘aima, Aidun and al-Husn, the administrators, working closely with established village leadership, followed the rule book for yoklama registration. In other villages, Hawwara and Bait Ra’s, the registration reveals anomalies suggesting that the establishment of right was more difficult. Thus, whereas in Hawwara cultivators had to pay extraordinarily high rates for registration by bedel-i misl, in the smaller village of Bait Ra’s six of the 30 shares of land granted by hakk-ı karar were registered as held collectively. Chapter 9 will explore the contests over village leadership and rights to land in these two villages. It was perhaps such contests that prompted 77 Introduction of bureaucratic registration
Jordan River Lake Tiberias Khanzira Kufr 'Awan Khirbat al-Wahadina Fara Yarmuk River Kufr Asad ? Kufrinja Um Qais al-Taiba ? ? 'Ajlun al-Mukhaiba Tibna Qam ? Burma Saham 'Inba Zarqa River al-Mazar Circles represent total cultivated area in old dönüm s 80,000 40,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 2,000 Area unknown ? No data ? ? 'Ain Janna ? ? Harta ? Bait Ra's Dibbin Irbid Map 6.3 Type of landholding ? Maru ? al-Husn al-Nu'aima Types of landholding ? ? ? Hawwara 10 km N Musha C (field crops only) Musha C (field crops and olives) ‘Private’ plots (field crops) ‘Private’ plots (olives, fruit and vegetables)
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Governing property, making the mode
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Published in 2007 by I.B.Tauris & C
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6 The introduction of bureaucratic
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Maps, figures and tables Maps 5.1 T
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Note on transliteration, datation a
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Acknowledgements We have accumulate
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1 | Introduction Two documents On 1
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Legal doctrine here frames property
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The case occurred some five years a
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of first instance. 25 Only a few ye
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PART ONE | Ottoman jurisprudence co
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Part one | 2 remained fixed regardl
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Part one | 2 mülk land. The Ottoma
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Part one | 2 tax revenue the timari
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Part one | 2 only out of the necess
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Part one | 2 devolution of offices,
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Part one | 3 enjoy greater politica
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Part one | 3 equivalent of a grant
Page 41 and 42: Part one | 3 fetwa concerning a cul
Page 43 and 44: Part one | 3 Muhammad al-‘Imadi (
Page 45 and 46: Part one | 3 character of the culti
Page 47 and 48: Part one | 3 the provisions of the
Page 49 and 50: Part one | 3 others died creating a
Page 51 and 52: Part one | 3 is commended, forcible
Page 53 and 54: Part one | 3 criterion by which to
Page 55 and 56: 4 | Legal reform from the 1830s to
Page 57 and 58: Part one | 4 administration require
Page 59 and 60: Part one | 4 prosecution of corrupt
Page 61 and 62: Part one | 4 together with the land
Page 63 and 64: Part one | 4 holders of miri land t
Page 65 and 66: Part one | 4 the Meclis-i Vala, con
Page 67 and 68: Part one | 4 were issued that marke
Page 70 and 71: Introduction The last chapter descr
Page 72 and 73: 5 | Production and settlement in th
Page 74 and 75: Jordan River Lake Tiberias Kufrinja
Page 76 and 77: Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
Page 78 and 79: Jordan River Lake Tiberias Khirbat
Page 80 and 81: nahiye lie three further foothill v
Page 82 and 83: to the three districts of ‘Ajlun,
Page 84 and 85: Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
Page 86 and 87: in the second from 22 to 24; in the
Page 88 and 89: The complaint to Istanbul by the vi
Page 90 and 91: souls [i.e. those listed above], we
Page 94 and 95: these villages to register land. Al
Page 96 and 97: eturned to Irbid they would be repa
Page 98 and 99: al-Fattah Efendi had come to the di
Page 100 and 101: After the series of sessions come i
Page 102 and 103: unacceptable acts: pretending to de
Page 104 and 105: Da’ud ‘Abbada and Jurji Qabawat
Page 106 and 107: which later was to be subdivided in
Page 108 and 109: in descending rank order by size in
Page 110 and 111: acking as tax collectors. Ibrahim E
Page 112 and 113: ecame standardized across large are
Page 114 and 115: villages to the large area of exten
Page 116 and 117: title document or, if it had been l
Page 118: Local political leaders came gradua
Page 122 and 123: Introduction Part three considers t
Page 124 and 125: shares in plough land in 1895 was a
Page 126 and 127: question of ‘Ajaj Bey, the govern
Page 128 and 129: 1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
Page 130 and 131: 1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
Page 132 and 133: marriage links by the mid-1890s wit
Page 134 and 135: holdings numbered 33 to 57) were no
Page 136 and 137: Figure 9.2 Bait Ra’s, households
Page 138 and 139: But it makes clear that the fight w
Page 140 and 141: in 1880, 1895 and 1921. The table
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Nineteenth-century Ottoman land ref
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Unsettledness: initial registration
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11 2 [Kirsanna] ‘Awwad ‘Abdul-R
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Figure 9.3 Hawwara, genealogy of th
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ecorded in the 1895 tax register. C
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which in 1895 had been held by Sali
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adjusted to entries in the tapu reg
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By 1895 the village had expanded in
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There was ambiguity in the nature o
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the three blocks of land seem to ha
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instance, one sub-group of eight sh
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ut would appear to have come togeth
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composed of the Haddad, Da’ud,
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with the formal division into secti
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affinal links. In a close-knit comm
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TABLE 10.1 Kufr ‘Awan, properties
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19c Hasan Sulaiman Fallah 678a 1/4
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householder or the holder of an oli
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egistration ‘Abdullah had no chil
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crop rotation and reallotment of ho
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payment. His case too is discussed
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Figure 10.3 Kufr Àwan, households
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Figure 10.5 Kufr Àwan, households
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on the other hand, there is an inhe
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1940). The other ¾q of Zarifa’s
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most valuable asset of villagers, l
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TABLE 10.2 Khanzira, share per pers
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olive trees; 215 plots were registe
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on another family’s land; and ano
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to 31, and in 14 of the mutations t
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plough animals and male labour. Cro
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Figure 11.1 Tannash family holdings
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nu‘mana as fodder. As a summer cr
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It appears that at the time land wa
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Figure 11.3 Marriage relations of t
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substantial say in the control of l
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atls of lentils, one-half ratl of s
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had often moved once or twice comin
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Figure 11.5 Gharaiba intermarriages
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Figure 11.6 Ahmad Àbid-Rabbuh’s
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Figure 11.7 Holdings of Àbdul-Ghan
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exercised over crop rotation or the
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Figure 12.1 Family links of Husna S
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did he plough. This statement appea
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Figure 12.2 Marriage links of Ahmad
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each being registered as owning 1½
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(‘urja) at her wedding. Her husba
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Figure 12.4 The marriages of Ibrahi
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notables (wujuh) Hasan al-Salim, Ib
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Figure 12.5 The children of Sheikh
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weeks under the tree, and eventuall
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Figure 12.6 Family links of Yumna M
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with almond-shaped openings, built
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Epilogue eighteenth centuries the c
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Epilogue bedouin groups. Thus, in t
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Notes to chapter 1 landholdings in
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Notes to chapters 1 and 2 wa-jiwaru
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Notes to chapter 2 nakl olunmaz; ta
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Notes to chapters 2 and 3 question;
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Notes to chapter 3 the muftis). The
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Notes to chapter 3 cites Masters, T
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Notes to chapter 3 Yahya Efendi - p
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Notes to chapters 3 and 4 taxes imp
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Notes to chapter 4 19 There is a di
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Notes to chapter 4 enough to shelte
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Notes to chapters 5 and 6 6 On the
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Notes to chapter 6 the debt; the vi
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Notes to chapters 6 and 7 to the pr
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Notes to chapter 7 10 Later in the
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Notes to chapter 7 36 BOA.ŞD.2273/
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Notes to chapter 8 ent administrati
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Notes to chapter 9 ing at that time
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Notes to chapter 9 Hamid, Hamuda an
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Notes to chapters 9 and 10 leaving
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Notes to chapter 10 AT.Yoklama, Ağ
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Notes to chapter 10 trees on villag
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Notes to chapter 11 April 1927, con
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Notes to chapter 11 and Mustafa al-
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Notes to chapter 12 6 DLS.AT.Yoklam
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Notes to chapter 12 on 29 June and
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Notes to chapter 12 and Epilogue 61
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Bibliography the order of Emir Ibra
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Bibliography The Economic History o
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Bibliography Empire: Agrarian power
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Bibliography Peake, Frederik, Ta’
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Bibliography Near Eastern Studies,
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Index Bani Hasan, 57, 58, 65, 68, 8
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Index al-‘Imadi, Hamid ibn Àli,
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Index orchards, as objects of regis
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Index temettuat, 42, 66 threshing,
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