Governing property, making the modern state - PSI424

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the three blocks of land seem to have become simply nominal, a convenient way to express shares in land. Whatever their relation to the three blocks of tapu registration, according to the 1895 tax register plots were allotted in an extraordinarily systematic manner. The range of holding sizes varies by not much more than in 1876, between half a share and 2½, with an average of just under one (48/49): 19 x ½, 18 x 1, 8 x 1½, 3 x 2, and 1 x 2½. Instead of an idiom of tax farming or commercial landlordism, we are back in an idiom of relatively egalitarian management of individual resources, and of what could be worked by one or two plough teams. Even Na’il Gharaiba’s individual holding was reduced to a manageable level by redistributing part of what he had title to among his siblings. By comparison with 1933, an average of one share for a family farm was still large, requiring two full plough teams. A farm depended upon labour outside its own household, of which there was much in the village. If holdings are arranged in each field by their plot number, the systematic grouping of holdings becomes apparent. First, holdings are divided into two halves of 24 shares each, which we may call Shatnawi and Gharaiba as in 1933. In 24 fields, the Gharaiba half has the first plots but in the other seven the Shatnawi half does. The Shatnawi half comprises 26 holdings including the last six (numbers 88–93), and the order of holdings in a field is always the same, even in the seven fields where the Shatnawi plots come first: everyone’s neighbours are always the same. The only exceptions concern, first, the last holding of all, belonging to the man of the Bani Sakhr, who holds internal plot number 49 in every field; second, holding number 3 whose plot is at the beginning of the Shatnawi sequence instead of at the end in field 20; and third, holding number 6 (belonging to Ahmad Tannash) whose plot is slightly out of place in field 21. There are no sub-groups of holdings that would together make up a convenient fraction of 24 shares. Regularities – such as the two Rumi holdings (numbers 32 and 84) always occurring next to each other – do not make sub-groups. For instance, the four Abu Kirsanna holdings occur at the beginning of Shatnawi plots – a sign of their continuing importance in the village – and make up four shares with the addition of holding number 81’s half a share; 56 but the next holdings add to 3½ or 4½ shares, not four, so together they cannot form a convenient sub-group of eight shares for reordering holdings within the Shatnawi half. There are thus no subdivisions in the Shatnawi half. The relevant group for reallotting the order of plots in a field would be all 26 holdings. Since the far edge of a field might be different in quality from the centre, equalization of plots (rearranging the order) would have to be done regularly over time, that is to say diachronically. For the Gharaiba half comprising 24 shares, by contrast, the order of plots varies from field to field. However, holdings group into sets of four and eight shares, and every field (except field-5 where two half-share holdings are out of place) can be divided into thirds (of eight shares) made up of the same units. Subdivision into sixths (of four shares) does not quite work because there are small variations in order from field to field within a group of eight shares. For 145 Two plains villages
Field name 1 Kisarat Musa 2 Buwaib 3 al-Dunun 4 Raqqat Muhammad al-Qasim 5 Mukkab tahin 6 al-Khalu 7 Khillat umm al-murar 8 Duwar sharqi 9 Tariq shumali Ramtha 10 Dawaqir tariq gharbi Ramtha 11 Dawaqir tariq sharqi Ramtha 12 Khillat Shatna 13 Saham asila 14 Kirsanna 15 Dahr al-mugharr 16 al-Duwar 17 Duwar gharbi 18 Jurf al-ahmar wa-'l-mughanna 19 Abu 'l-Qasim shumali 20 Qaftan 21 al-Dha`r 22 Rajm Nimr 23 Qaram wa-'l-ma`sara 24 Abu 'l-Qasim gharbi 25 Umm sum-sum 26 Ma bain dar bain 27 Dahr 28 Biransa qibla 29 Biransa shumali 30 Àtis 31 Ruwaisa qibla Sub-group: holding no. (share) A Gharaiba core: 72 (2.5), 73 (1.5), 74 (2), 75 (0.5), 76 (1), 77 (0.5) B1 affines, Shar`, Ghazlan: 71 (0.5), 78 (0.5), 10 (1), 65 (2) B2 Khlaif: 70 (1), Sabbah: 45 (0.5), 46 (1), 49 (0.5), 8 (1) C1 Shuha, Khatib: 24 (2), 13 (0.5), 17 (1.5) C2 Haddad: 36 (1), 33 (1), 35 (1) C3 Da'ud, Àbdul-Hadi: 19 (0.5), 79 (0.5) 24 SHARES = HALF THE VILLAGE 16 HALF-SHARES 16 HALF-SHARES 4 SHARES 4 SHARES 4 SHARES 3 SHARES 1 SHARE 8 SHARES 16 HALF-SHARES Figure 9.5 Hawwara, field allotment of the Gharaiba half in 1895
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Governing property, making the mode
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Published in 2007 by I.B.Tauris & C
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6 The introduction of bureaucratic
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Maps, figures and tables Maps 5.1 T
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Note on transliteration, datation a
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Acknowledgements We have accumulate
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1 | Introduction Two documents On 1
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Legal doctrine here frames property
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The case occurred some five years a
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of first instance. 25 Only a few ye
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PART ONE | Ottoman jurisprudence co
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Part one | 2 remained fixed regardl
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Part one | 2 mülk land. The Ottoma
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Part one | 2 tax revenue the timari
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Part one | 2 only out of the necess
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Part one | 2 devolution of offices,
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Part one | 3 enjoy greater politica
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Part one | 3 equivalent of a grant
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Part one | 3 fetwa concerning a cul
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Part one | 3 Muhammad al-‘Imadi (
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Part one | 3 character of the culti
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Part one | 3 the provisions of the
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Part one | 3 others died creating a
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Part one | 3 is commended, forcible
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Part one | 3 criterion by which to
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4 | Legal reform from the 1830s to
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Part one | 4 administration require
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Part one | 4 prosecution of corrupt
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Part one | 4 together with the land
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Part one | 4 holders of miri land t
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Part one | 4 the Meclis-i Vala, con
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Part one | 4 were issued that marke
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Introduction The last chapter descr
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5 | Production and settlement in th
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Kufrinja
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Khirbat
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nahiye lie three further foothill v
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to the three districts of ‘Ajlun,
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
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in the second from 22 to 24; in the
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The complaint to Istanbul by the vi
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souls [i.e. those listed above], we
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estricted to plough agriculture of
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these villages to register land. Al
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eturned to Irbid they would be repa
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al-Fattah Efendi had come to the di
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After the series of sessions come i
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unacceptable acts: pretending to de
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Da’ud ‘Abbada and Jurji Qabawat
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which later was to be subdivided in
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in descending rank order by size in
Page 110 and 111: acking as tax collectors. Ibrahim E
Page 112 and 113: ecame standardized across large are
Page 114 and 115: villages to the large area of exten
Page 116 and 117: title document or, if it had been l
Page 118: Local political leaders came gradua
Page 122 and 123: Introduction Part three considers t
Page 124 and 125: shares in plough land in 1895 was a
Page 126 and 127: question of ‘Ajaj Bey, the govern
Page 128 and 129: 1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
Page 130 and 131: 1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
Page 132 and 133: marriage links by the mid-1890s wit
Page 134 and 135: holdings numbered 33 to 57) were no
Page 136 and 137: Figure 9.2 Bait Ra’s, households
Page 138 and 139: But it makes clear that the fight w
Page 140 and 141: in 1880, 1895 and 1921. The table
Page 142 and 143: Nineteenth-century Ottoman land ref
Page 144 and 145: Unsettledness: initial registration
Page 146 and 147: 11 2 [Kirsanna] ‘Awwad ‘Abdul-R
Page 148 and 149: Figure 9.3 Hawwara, genealogy of th
Page 150 and 151: ecorded in the 1895 tax register. C
Page 152 and 153: which in 1895 had been held by Sali
Page 154 and 155: adjusted to entries in the tapu reg
Page 156 and 157: By 1895 the village had expanded in
Page 158 and 159: There was ambiguity in the nature o
Page 162 and 163: instance, one sub-group of eight sh
Page 164 and 165: ut would appear to have come togeth
Page 166 and 167: composed of the Haddad, Da’ud,
Page 168 and 169: with the formal division into secti
Page 170 and 171: affinal links. In a close-knit comm
Page 172 and 173: TABLE 10.1 Kufr ‘Awan, properties
Page 174 and 175: 19c Hasan Sulaiman Fallah 678a 1/4
Page 176 and 177: householder or the holder of an oli
Page 178 and 179: egistration ‘Abdullah had no chil
Page 180 and 181: crop rotation and reallotment of ho
Page 182 and 183: payment. His case too is discussed
Page 184 and 185: Figure 10.3 Kufr Àwan, households
Page 186 and 187: Figure 10.5 Kufr Àwan, households
Page 188 and 189: on the other hand, there is an inhe
Page 190 and 191: 1940). The other ¾q of Zarifa’s
Page 192 and 193: most valuable asset of villagers, l
Page 194 and 195: TABLE 10.2 Khanzira, share per pers
Page 196 and 197: olive trees; 215 plots were registe
Page 198 and 199: on another family’s land; and ano
Page 200 and 201: to 31, and in 14 of the mutations t
Page 202 and 203: plough animals and male labour. Cro
Page 204 and 205: Figure 11.1 Tannash family holdings
Page 206 and 207: nu‘mana as fodder. As a summer cr
Page 208 and 209: It appears that at the time land wa
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Figure 11.3 Marriage relations of t
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substantial say in the control of l
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atls of lentils, one-half ratl of s
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had often moved once or twice comin
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Figure 11.5 Gharaiba intermarriages
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Figure 11.6 Ahmad Àbid-Rabbuh’s
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Figure 11.7 Holdings of Àbdul-Ghan
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exercised over crop rotation or the
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Figure 12.1 Family links of Husna S
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did he plough. This statement appea
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Figure 12.2 Marriage links of Ahmad
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each being registered as owning 1½
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(‘urja) at her wedding. Her husba
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Figure 12.4 The marriages of Ibrahi
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notables (wujuh) Hasan al-Salim, Ib
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Figure 12.5 The children of Sheikh
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weeks under the tree, and eventuall
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Figure 12.6 Family links of Yumna M
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with almond-shaped openings, built
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Epilogue eighteenth centuries the c
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Epilogue bedouin groups. Thus, in t
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Notes to chapter 1 landholdings in
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Notes to chapters 1 and 2 wa-jiwaru
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Notes to chapter 2 nakl olunmaz; ta
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Notes to chapters 2 and 3 question;
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Notes to chapter 3 the muftis). The
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Notes to chapter 3 cites Masters, T
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Notes to chapter 3 Yahya Efendi - p
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Notes to chapters 3 and 4 taxes imp
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Notes to chapter 4 19 There is a di
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Notes to chapter 4 enough to shelte
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Notes to chapters 5 and 6 6 On the
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Notes to chapter 6 the debt; the vi
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Notes to chapters 6 and 7 to the pr
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Notes to chapter 7 10 Later in the
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Notes to chapter 7 36 BOA.ŞD.2273/
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Notes to chapter 8 ent administrati
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Notes to chapter 9 ing at that time
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Notes to chapter 9 Hamid, Hamuda an
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Notes to chapters 9 and 10 leaving
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Notes to chapter 10 AT.Yoklama, Ağ
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Notes to chapter 10 trees on villag
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Notes to chapter 11 April 1927, con
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Notes to chapter 11 and Mustafa al-
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Notes to chapter 12 6 DLS.AT.Yoklam
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Notes to chapter 12 on 29 June and
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Notes to chapter 12 and Epilogue 61
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Bibliography the order of Emir Ibra
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Bibliography The Economic History o
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Bibliography Empire: Agrarian power
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Bibliography Peake, Frederik, Ta’
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Bibliography Near Eastern Studies,
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Index Bani Hasan, 57, 58, 65, 68, 8
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Index al-‘Imadi, Hamid ibn Àli,
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Index orchards, as objects of regis
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Index temettuat, 42, 66 threshing,
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