Governing property, making the modern state - PSI424

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Figure 12.5 The children of Sheikh Àwad
Part three | 12 al-Ahmad bore ‘Awad, Fatima and Fiddiya. 49 Qasim died aged 43 leaving his wives Muhra and Fatima, Muhammad aged 18, ‘Ali aged 6 and the yet smaller children. 50 After Qasim’s death, his second wife Fatima remarried Muhammad Musa al-Hamd al-Ahmad, his sister Zahiya’s son, leaving ‘Awad in the care of his step-mother Muhra and his half-brothers. 51 The household when ‘Ali was young was thus led by his mother and older brother. They were to live together almost ten years after his father Qasim’s death until in 1935, when ‘Ali was 14, a series of disasters struck the household. ‘Ali’s elder brother Muhammad’s first wife Amira Hamud al-‘Ali Hamud (family-5), none of whose children survived, died a few days after childbirth. And his second wife, Naufa Mahmud al-‘Ali ‘Abdul-Nabi also died in the same year, likewise within a couple of days of giving birth. Their mother Muhra died in the same year, so the three young men were left without a woman in the house. And, finally, in the same year all but 25 of a flock of 120 black-haired goats died of a disease general in the village at that time, there being no veterinary care. Naufa’s mother Rishda then came to keep house for the three brothers. After his two wives’ early deaths Muhammad married a third wife called Fiddiya Musa al-Hamd al-Ahmad for 20 lira. ‘Ali left school in 1938 and about a year later in 1939 when he was 18 he married his present wife Rishda Mahmud Bani Hamid of Khanzira, who was 13 at the time. About this marriage, ‘Ali said that he had been shy to marry and that his brother Muhammad arranged his engagement. The document was written by a marriage specialist in Kufr Abil called Sheikh Khalid al-Hami, but this document was lost. 52 Rishda’s mahr muqaddam was 31 lira, which was mostly paid in animals, whereas the delayed dower (mahr mu’ajjal) was fixed at only one lira, which raised a laugh that divorce had been so cheap (although, it was emphasized, rare). 53 As for the household economy, ‘Ali Qasim recalled that the three brothers inherited four qirat of land. 54 They had only one plough team (faddan) and no milk-cows, all the milk products for the family coming from the goats. Muhammad was responsible for the house (‘qa’im ‘ala-’l-bait’), which lay on the hill just down from the village core. Their land was usually given out to ploughmen from the village, who changed from year to year and were paid in different ways. They had two olive trees within the village site; and they raised chickens. ‘Ali spent much of his time living away from the village (mu‘azzib) herding in the area facing Sartaba; sometimes cooked food would be brought him from the house; he would play the reed flute (mijwiz or naya) which, ‘Ali Qasim remarked, animals would recognize and could therefore be used in their training. One night he was by himself, as usual without a light, and lying playing the flute, he thought to get a drink of water (though he had drunk tea earlier and considers his desire unnecessary), so he went up to his skin of water and was bitten by a snake. He kept on vomiting, his leg became swollen and red, and he lay there throughout the night. At daylight he couldn’t walk at all but dragged himself under the shade of a tree. There was nothing the other herders could do about it. He was in the region of abu ’l-khass, north of Sartaba, across wadi al-mulawi. He spent two 226
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Governing property, making the mode
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Published in 2007 by I.B.Tauris & C
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6 The introduction of bureaucratic
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Maps, figures and tables Maps 5.1 T
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Note on transliteration, datation a
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Acknowledgements We have accumulate
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1 | Introduction Two documents On 1
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Legal doctrine here frames property
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The case occurred some five years a
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of first instance. 25 Only a few ye
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PART ONE | Ottoman jurisprudence co
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Part one | 2 remained fixed regardl
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Part one | 2 mülk land. The Ottoma
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Part one | 2 tax revenue the timari
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Part one | 2 only out of the necess
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Part one | 2 devolution of offices,
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Part one | 3 enjoy greater politica
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Part one | 3 equivalent of a grant
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Part one | 3 fetwa concerning a cul
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Part one | 3 Muhammad al-‘Imadi (
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Part one | 3 character of the culti
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Part one | 3 the provisions of the
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Part one | 3 others died creating a
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Part one | 3 is commended, forcible
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Part one | 3 criterion by which to
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4 | Legal reform from the 1830s to
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Part one | 4 administration require
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Part one | 4 prosecution of corrupt
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Part one | 4 together with the land
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Part one | 4 holders of miri land t
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Part one | 4 the Meclis-i Vala, con
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Part one | 4 were issued that marke
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Introduction The last chapter descr
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5 | Production and settlement in th
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Kufrinja
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Khirbat
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nahiye lie three further foothill v
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to the three districts of ‘Ajlun,
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
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in the second from 22 to 24; in the
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The complaint to Istanbul by the vi
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souls [i.e. those listed above], we
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estricted to plough agriculture of
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these villages to register land. Al
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eturned to Irbid they would be repa
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al-Fattah Efendi had come to the di
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After the series of sessions come i
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unacceptable acts: pretending to de
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Da’ud ‘Abbada and Jurji Qabawat
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which later was to be subdivided in
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in descending rank order by size in
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acking as tax collectors. Ibrahim E
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ecame standardized across large are
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villages to the large area of exten
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title document or, if it had been l
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Local political leaders came gradua
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Introduction Part three considers t
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shares in plough land in 1895 was a
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question of ‘Ajaj Bey, the govern
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1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
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1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
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marriage links by the mid-1890s wit
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holdings numbered 33 to 57) were no
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Figure 9.2 Bait Ra’s, households
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But it makes clear that the fight w
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in 1880, 1895 and 1921. The table
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Nineteenth-century Ottoman land ref
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Unsettledness: initial registration
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11 2 [Kirsanna] ‘Awwad ‘Abdul-R
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Figure 9.3 Hawwara, genealogy of th
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ecorded in the 1895 tax register. C
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which in 1895 had been held by Sali
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adjusted to entries in the tapu reg
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By 1895 the village had expanded in
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There was ambiguity in the nature o
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the three blocks of land seem to ha
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instance, one sub-group of eight sh
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ut would appear to have come togeth
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composed of the Haddad, Da’ud,
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with the formal division into secti
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affinal links. In a close-knit comm
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TABLE 10.1 Kufr ‘Awan, properties
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19c Hasan Sulaiman Fallah 678a 1/4
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householder or the holder of an oli
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egistration ‘Abdullah had no chil
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crop rotation and reallotment of ho
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payment. His case too is discussed
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Figure 10.3 Kufr Àwan, households
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Figure 10.5 Kufr Àwan, households
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on the other hand, there is an inhe
Page 190 and 191: 1940). The other ¾q of Zarifa’s
Page 192 and 193: most valuable asset of villagers, l
Page 194 and 195: TABLE 10.2 Khanzira, share per pers
Page 196 and 197: olive trees; 215 plots were registe
Page 198 and 199: on another family’s land; and ano
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Page 202 and 203: plough animals and male labour. Cro
Page 204 and 205: Figure 11.1 Tannash family holdings
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Page 208 and 209: It appears that at the time land wa
Page 210 and 211: Figure 11.3 Marriage relations of t
Page 212 and 213: substantial say in the control of l
Page 214 and 215: atls of lentils, one-half ratl of s
Page 216 and 217: had often moved once or twice comin
Page 218 and 219: Figure 11.5 Gharaiba intermarriages
Page 220 and 221: Figure 11.6 Ahmad Àbid-Rabbuh’s
Page 222 and 223: Figure 11.7 Holdings of Àbdul-Ghan
Page 224 and 225: exercised over crop rotation or the
Page 226 and 227: Figure 12.1 Family links of Husna S
Page 228 and 229: did he plough. This statement appea
Page 230 and 231: Figure 12.2 Marriage links of Ahmad
Page 232 and 233: each being registered as owning 1½
Page 234 and 235: (‘urja) at her wedding. Her husba
Page 236 and 237: Figure 12.4 The marriages of Ibrahi
Page 238 and 239: notables (wujuh) Hasan al-Salim, Ib
Page 242 and 243: weeks under the tree, and eventuall
Page 244 and 245: Figure 12.6 Family links of Yumna M
Page 246: with almond-shaped openings, built
Page 249 and 250: Epilogue eighteenth centuries the c
Page 251 and 252: Epilogue bedouin groups. Thus, in t
Page 253 and 254: Notes to chapter 1 landholdings in
Page 255 and 256: Notes to chapters 1 and 2 wa-jiwaru
Page 257 and 258: Notes to chapter 2 nakl olunmaz; ta
Page 259 and 260: Notes to chapters 2 and 3 question;
Page 261 and 262: Notes to chapter 3 the muftis). The
Page 263 and 264: Notes to chapter 3 cites Masters, T
Page 265 and 266: Notes to chapter 3 Yahya Efendi - p
Page 267 and 268: Notes to chapters 3 and 4 taxes imp
Page 269 and 270: Notes to chapter 4 19 There is a di
Page 271 and 272: Notes to chapter 4 enough to shelte
Page 273 and 274: Notes to chapters 5 and 6 6 On the
Page 275 and 276: Notes to chapter 6 the debt; the vi
Page 277 and 278: Notes to chapters 6 and 7 to the pr
Page 279 and 280: Notes to chapter 7 10 Later in the
Page 281 and 282: Notes to chapter 7 36 BOA.ŞD.2273/
Page 283 and 284: Notes to chapter 8 ent administrati
Page 285 and 286: Notes to chapter 9 ing at that time
Page 287 and 288: Notes to chapter 9 Hamid, Hamuda an
Page 289 and 290: Notes to chapters 9 and 10 leaving
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Notes to chapter 10 AT.Yoklama, Ağ
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Notes to chapter 10 trees on villag
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Notes to chapter 11 April 1927, con
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Notes to chapter 11 and Mustafa al-
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Notes to chapter 12 6 DLS.AT.Yoklam
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Notes to chapter 12 on 29 June and
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Notes to chapter 12 and Epilogue 61
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Bibliography the order of Emir Ibra
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Bibliography The Economic History o
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Bibliography Empire: Agrarian power
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Bibliography Peake, Frederik, Ta’
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Bibliography Near Eastern Studies,
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Index Bani Hasan, 57, 58, 65, 68, 8
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Index al-‘Imadi, Hamid ibn Àli,
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Index orchards, as objects of regis
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Index temettuat, 42, 66 threshing,
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